CRISPR/Cas9技术在植物基因功能研究和新种质创制中的应用与展望  

Overviews and Applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 System in Plant Functional Genomics and Creation of New Plant Germplasm

作　　者：严芳[1] 周焕斌[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,北京100094

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2016年第5期498-513,共16页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划(批准号:2012CB721103);国家自然科学基金(批准号:21325627)资助

摘　　要：基因组定点编辑是利用人工核酸酶,对复杂生物基因组特定位点快速而精确地进行遗传改造的一项新技术.尤其是最近从细菌和古细菌的获得性免疫防御反应中改造而来的CRISPR/Cas9系统,因其简单、廉价、高效以及通用的特性,目前已经广泛地应用于植物、动物、微生物等各种生物体和细胞的基因功能和应用研究中.CRISPR/Cas9系统的原理在于其携带的Cas9核酸酶—RNA导向的ds DNA结合蛋白,能够在靶位点对双链DNA进行定点切割,随后引发的非同源末端连接或者同源重组修复,导致了靶位点DNA的缺失、插入、替换甚至染色体大片段重排.本文对CRISPR/Cas9技术的作用机理和应用进行概括,侧重于模式植物和农作物的最新进展,探讨这一新型基因组定点编辑技术在植物基因功能研究和新种质创制中的进一步发展.The clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats（CRISPR）/CRISPR associated proteins（Cas9） system is a recently developed groundbreaking technology which enables the production of highly specific genome modification with high efficiency and specificity. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is derived from the adaptive immunity system in bacteria and archaeas, it uses Cas9, a RNA-guided nuclease, to create double-strand breaks in the genomic loci of interest. The repair of breaks through either non-homologous end joining or homonlogous recombination leads to insertions, deletions, replacements or larger chromosomal rearrangements at the desired sites of genome. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is facile, highly efficient and widely used in diverse cells and organisms, including the species that have traditionally been a challenge in their genetic manipulations. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances with the CRISPR/Cas9 system, highlight their practicalities on a variety of plants, and discuss the key points and prospective application in plant functional studies as well as crop improvement in the near future.

关 键 词：基因组定点编辑 人工核酸酶 CRISPR/Cas9 基因突变 种质 

分 类 号：Q943.2[生物学—植物学]