面孔对领导者有多重要?——领导者的面孔特征研究述评  

How Important are Facial Appearance to Leadership? ——A Literature Review of Leaders' Facial Appearance

作　　者：高璐[1] 叶茂林[1] 彭坚[1] 陈宇帅 

机构地区：[1]暨南大学管理学院,广州510632 [2]华南师范大学心理学院/心理应用研究中心,广州510631

出　　处：《心理科学》2016年第4期992-997,共6页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(11JZD044)的资助

摘　　要：近年来,面孔研究已渗透进领导力研究领域,并掀起了一股领导者面孔特征的研究热潮。目前,可操作化的领导者面孔特征主要包括:面孔年龄、面孔宽高比和面孔特质,这些面孔特征不仅会影响下属的态度和行为,还能提供客观的组织绩效信息。认知心理学的内隐领导理论、原型匹配理论和进化心理学的优良基因理论、本能释放理论是上述机制的重要依据。未来研究可探讨华人领导者的娃娃脸效应及权变因素。Over the years, research on leadership was dominated by the trait approach and the behavioral approach. Surprisingly, recent studies have found that visual cues, such as facial appearance, are increasingly playing an important role in affecting a variety of human psychological and behavior processes. Therefore, research on facial appearance has gradually been extended to the domain of leadership, and revealed that leaders＇ facial appearance could influence organizational performance and employees＇ attitude and behavior towards leaders. Firstly, this paper introduces the concepts of leaders＇ facial appearance, including facial age, facial width-to-height ratio （fWHR） and facial traits. Facial age means how old are these faces based on the perception of the perceiver. The fWHR represents whether the face is wide or narrow. Then, we provide an overview of the research in this field and account for its theoretical basis. For example, studies found that age can influence the follower＇s perception of leadership style： younger-looking leaders were endorsed for exploratory change and older-looking leaders for stable exploitation. The fWHR can influence negotiation performance in men. Men with greater fWHR are less cooperative negotiators compared to men with smaller facial ratios. The lack of cooperation allows men with greater fWHR to claim more value when negotiating with other men, but inhibits their ability to create agreements that benefit all negotiating parties. Also, researchers found that compared with men who had narrower faces, men who had wider faces showed more self-sacrificing cooperation to help their group members under circumstances of competition with another group. Moreover, research showed that the fWHR of CEOs is related to the performance of their companies. Facial traits can affect election results, organizational performance and employees＇ attitude towards leaders. Specifically, attractiveness, competence and maturity can affect election results. Also, leaders may be chosen depend

关 键 词：领导者面孔 面孔年龄 面孔宽高比 面孔特质 领导效能 

分 类 号：B842[哲学宗教—基础心理学]