过去十万年里的四种人及其间的关系  

Four kinds of humans in past 100000 years and their relations

作　　者：吴新智[1] 崔娅铭[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,北京100044

出　　处：《科学通报》2016年第24期2681-2687,共7页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：中国科学院科技服务网络计划(STS计划)(KFJ-EW-STS-074);中国科学院战略先导专项(B类)(XDB03030100);国家自然科学基金重大项目(41190081);"第三极环境(TPE)"国际计划资助

摘　　要：在过去的大约十万年里,已知共存的人类有四种：早期现代人、尼安德特人、弗洛勒斯人和丹尼索瓦人.早期现代人是我们当代人最近的祖先,形态与我们基本上一致.尼安德特人比早期现代人稍矮但身体和四肢粗壮,平均脑量稍大,晚更新世广布于欧洲,在西亚和中亚也有分布,消失于大约3万年前.古代DNA和形态学上的证据都证实,尼安德特人和早期现代人发生过基因交流.当代人基因组中携带的源自尼安德特人的DNA对当代人的生理机能、形态乃至对某些疾病的患病风险都有影响.弗洛勒斯人化石只出土于印度尼西亚弗洛勒斯岛,身材特别矮小,脑量仅为现代人的三分之一,生活于10~6万年前,其来源与其他人类的关系至今仍是个谜.丹尼索瓦人化石只出土于俄罗斯南西伯利亚阿尔泰地区的丹尼索瓦山洞,生活在大约4万年前,出土了一根手指骨和两颗牙齿.DNA显示其为与尼安德特人和现代人共存的另一种人.美拉尼西亚人基因组中有4.8%？±？0.5%来自丹尼索瓦人,有学者提示丹尼索瓦人与西藏人的基因交流对西藏人适应高原环境有帮助.另有研究称除了上述四种人以外,也许还有另外一种人尚未被发现.In the past 100000 years four kinds of humans coexisted. They are early modern humans, Neanderthals, Homo floresiensis, and Denisovans. Early modern humans are ancestors of extant humans and have fundmentally similar morphology to that of ours. Neanderthals are slightly shorter than modern humans. They have robust extremities and larger brain volume, Neanderthals inhabited widely in Europe and also distributed in West and Central Asia. They disappeared around 30000 year ago. Evidence of DNA analysis and morphology verified the gene flow between Neanderthals and early modern humans. The genes with Neanderthal ancestry in the genome of extant humans have definite influences on the physiology, morphology and risk for certain diseases in extant humans. Fossils of Homo floresiensis were unearthed only in Flores Island, Indonesia. This kind of humans is very short, with cranial capacity as small as one third of extant humans. They lived 100000–60000 years ago. The origin and their relation with other kinds of humans are mysteries. Fossils of Denisovans were unearthed only at Denisova Cave of Altai region, south Siberia of Russia and only a finger bone and two teeth were found. Denisovans are identified by DNA analysis and lived around 40000 years ago. In the genome of Melanesians 4.8%±？0.5% are derived from Denisovans. It is suggested that the gene flow with Denisovans was helpful for the adaptation of Tibetans to the high plateau environment. Paleo-DNA study also suggests that perhaps another kind of humans coexisted with our ancestor during this period.

关 键 词：过去十万年 早期现代人 尼安德特人 弗洛勒斯人 丹尼索瓦人 

分 类 号：Q981[天文地球—古生物学与地层学]