不同栽培模式及施氮方式对油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响  

Effects of Different Cultivations and Nitrogen Application Methods on Seed Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Oilseed Rape(Brassica napus L.)

作　　者：刘波[1] 鲁剑巍[1] 李小坤[1] 丛日环[1] 吴礼树[1] 叶川[2] 郑伟[2] 徐维明 姚忠清 任涛[1] 

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学资源与环境学院/农业部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室,武汉430070 [2]江西省红壤研究所,江西进贤331717 [3]沙洋县土壤肥料工作站,湖北沙洋448200 [4]赤壁市土壤肥料工作站,湖北赤壁437300

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2016年第18期3551-3560,共10页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家"十二五"科技支撑计划(2014BAD11B03);国家油菜产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-13);中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2662015PY135)

摘　　要：【目的】在油菜种植主产区,研究不同栽培模式及施氮方式对油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响,为油菜高产高效生产科学施肥提供理论依据。【方法】于2010—2011年度在湖北省和江西省开展移栽油菜和直播油菜氮肥施用田间试验,比较氮肥表施(表面撒施)、翻施(撒施后旋耕)和集中施用(移栽油菜穴施和直播油菜条施覆土)3种不同施氮方式对两种栽培模式(移栽和直播)油菜产量、干物质动态、氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响。【结果】相同条件下,移栽油菜产量水平显著高于直播油菜,两者的产量差达到299.1—544.2 kg·hm^(-2),从干物质动态结果可以看出,各个生育期移栽油菜地上部和地下部生物量显著高于直播油菜,此外,移栽油菜可以获得较高的氮素累积,相比直播油菜提高33.1%—54.8%,移栽油菜氮肥农学利用率和氮肥表观利用率显著高于直播油菜,其中氮肥农学利用率从6.5 kg·kg^(-1)增加到7.8 kg·kg^(-1),平均增幅为20.2%,氮肥表观利用率从27.6%提高到37.5%,平均增幅为37.5%。氮肥施用具有显著的增产效果,直播油菜施氮效果大于移栽油菜。在相同氮肥用量条件下,不同施氮方式对油菜产量、干物质动态、氮素吸收和氮肥利用率产生明显影响,总体表现为氮肥集中施用>翻施>表施的趋势。与表施处理相比,不同试验点移栽和直播油菜氮肥集中施用处理平均增产分别为18.2%和23.8%,氮素吸收量平均增幅分别为19.0%和37.0%。对于氮肥农学利用率而言,移栽油菜氮肥集中施用处理相比表施处理从6.9 kg·kg^(-1)增加到8.8 kg·kg^(-1),平均增幅为27.7%,直播油菜从5.7 kg·kg^(-1)增加到7.5 kg·kg^(-1),平均增幅为31.7%。而对于氮肥表观利用率而言,移栽油菜氮肥集中施用处理相比表施处理从33.3%提高到42.3%,平均增幅为27.2%;直播油菜从22.0%提高到27.4%,平均增幅为50.7%。相比于表施处理,移栽油菜氮肥集中施用�[Objective] Field experiments were carried out to study the effect of different cultivations and nitrogen （N） application methods on seed yield and N use efficiency of oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.） in the main planting areas, and provide theoretical support for high efficient fertilization management in oilseed rape. [ Method ] Field trials were conducted in Hubei and Jiangxi provinces during the period of 2010-2011. Three methods of N application （i.e., surface broadcast placement, plough placement, and concentrate placement） were taken to analyze the impact on rapeseed yield, dry matter accumulation and N uptake between the transplanted oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.） （TOR） and direct-sown oilseed rape （DOR）. [Result] Under the same processing conditions, the seed yield level of TOR was higher than DOR and the difference value was 299.1-544.2 kg·hm^-2. The TOR could obtain higher biomass compared to DOR between aboveground and underground according to the dry matter dynamics, furthermore, N accumulation increased significantly by 33.1%-54.8% on average for TOR. Moreover, the agronomic efficiency （AEN） and N apparent recovery efficiency （PEN） were significantly increased in TOR compared to the DOR, respectively, which AEN increased by 20.2% from 6.5 to 7.8 kg.kgl, and PEN increased by 37.5% from 27.6% to 37.5%. N application had a significant effect on seed yield, especially for TOR. Different N application methods resulted in a noticeable impact on yield, dry matter accumulation, N uptake and N use efficiency, following as concentrating〉 ploughing 〉 broadcasting. The concentrating could increase yield and N accumulation compared to broadcasting, increased yield by 18.2%-23.8% and N accumulation increased by 19.0%-37.0% for TOR and DOR, respectively. Compared with broadcasting, the AEN of concentrating increased by 27.7% ranged from 6.9 to 8.8 kg·kg^-1 and REy increased by 27.2% ranged from 33.3% to 42.3% in TOR, meanwhile, the AEN of concentrating increased by 31.7% ran

关 键 词：油菜 栽培模式 施氮方式 产量 干物质 氮肥利用率 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]