论马克思早期哲学中的主谓词关系问题--以《黑格尔法哲学批判》为解读重点  

On the Subject-Predicate Relation in Marx's Early Philosophy

作　　者：徐长福[1] 

机构地区：[1]中山大学马克思主义哲学与中国现代化研究所,哲学系暨实践哲学研究中心

出　　处：《哲学研究》2016年第10期22-30,128,共9页Philosophical Research

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“马克思主义实践哲学的语言转向研究”(编号13AZX003);2013年广东省高层次人才项目“马(克思主义)、中(国传统)、西(方)实践哲学的比较研究”的阶段性成果

摘　　要：在马克思的《黑格尔法哲学批判》以及其后几部重要著作中,主词(Subjekt)与谓词(Prdicat)的颠倒是一个重要话题,但在中文译本中,这对术语晦暗不明,致使这个话题始终没有引起关注。问题的症结在于Subjekt的多义性:跟Prdicat配对时可译为"主词",跟Objekt(客体)配对时可译为"主体",通过Substanz(实体)跟Accidenz(偶性)搭配时可译为"基体"。因为Subjekt在逻辑上意味着主词,在本体论上意味着基体、实体乃至主体,所以,拿什么词充当主词,就意味着把什么东西当成基体、实体乃至主体,这在哲学上事关重大。马克思批判黑格尔颠倒主谓词,就是批判他把抽象理念当作主词,把实际的主词当作谓词,从而达到用逻辑学的理由为普鲁士的政治现实作辩护的目的。可见,将掩蔽在术语迷雾中的这个话题清楚揭示出来,有助于开启从语言逻辑维度理解马克思哲学的新路径。The inversion of subject and predicate is an important topic in Marx's Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right and his other early philosophical writings,but it is hard for Chinese readers to precisely understand it for linguistic reasons:this pair of English terms can be translated into at least three different pairs of Chinese terms.The crux of the matter is the ambiguity of subject:it means the syntactical role in a proposition as opposed to the predicate,the conscious agent as opposed to an object,and a substratum related to substance and accident.Because subject has both logical and ontological meaning,viz.a logical subject refers to both an ontological subject and to substance,the question of what kinds of words should be taken as subjects in subject-predicate discourse is philosophically significant.Marx criticizes Hegel's inversion of subject and predicate because Hegel takes abstract ideas as subjects and actual subjects as predicates,thereby logically justifying the political reality in Prussia.Clearly,this interpretation of the subject-predicate relation helps to reveal the logical dimension of Marx's philosophy.

关 键 词：马克思 《黑格尔法哲学批判》 Subjekt 主词 谓词 

分 类 号：B0-0[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]