稻谷遗存落粒性变化与长江下游水稻起源和驯化  

作　　者：郑云飞[1] 蒋乐平[1] Gary W.Crawford 

机构地区：[1]浙江省文物考古研究所 [2]University of Toronto

出　　处：《南方文物》2016年第3期122-130,共9页Cultural Relics in Southern China

基　　金：国家文物局文物保护科技项目(No.20120230);科技部部973项目(No.2015CB953801);浙江省文物保护科技项目(No.2014005)支持

摘　　要：人工驯化的水稻有别于野生稻,落粒性变化是水稻最显著的综合驯化性状之一。本研究从形态和组织两方面观察了距今9000-8400年的浙江永康湖西遗址出土的稻谷小穗轴,结果显示既有野生型也有栽培型,以野生型为多,表明新石器时代早期已经栽培水稻,但带有很多野生祖先种习性。稻谷遗存的野生型和中间型的小穗轴基盘离层细胞组织观察结果显示均为不完全离层组织,维管束组织呈现星散状分布,有向现代粳稻演化的特征但不发达,表明粳稻是长江下游地区原始栽培稻的驯化方向。综合现代遗传学与考古学的研究成果,认为长江下游地区的稻作起源于距今一万年前,距今七千年前的河姆渡文化时期水稻落粒性驯化已基本完成。湖西遗址的植物遗存和硅酸体分析不仅提供了人类和栽培活动强化的证据,而且也提供了理解后起的跨湖桥、河姆渡等文化以栽培水稻为特色的混合经济形态的人类生态学线索。The toss of shattering is a key of domestication syndrome traits. The morphological and organizational observations of the spikelet bases of archaeological remains of rice. from recently excavated Huxi site, Yongkang, Zhejiang, China, dated to between 9000 BP and 8400 BP, showed that there were not only wild but domesticated spikelet bases, moreover wild types were much more than domesticated ones, indicated that rice had been cultivated in early Neolithic age in the areas, but it remained still many primitive traits of their progenitor. The vascular bundles without abscission layers, showing scattered distribution, were observed in the either wild or domesticated spikelet bases, being similar to the those of Japonica rice; hut had not developed yet, suggested that there was a domestication process of Japonica rice in the lower Yangtze Valley. A integrating evidence of archaeological and genetic researches suggested that rice domestication have started 10000 years ago, whereas rice with obvious japonica traits appeared 7000 years ago, showing that the domestication process of non-shattering have basically finished. Seeds and phytoliths found at Huxi provide evidence of increasing anthropogenesis and cultivation during the occupation, and a human ecological track for understanding the mixed economy including cultivating rice.

关 键 词：长江下游 新石器时代早期 稻谷遗存 小穗轴基盘 落粒性缺失 稻作起源 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学] K878[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]