垂直起降重复使用运载火箭发展趋势与关键技术研究进展  

Recent progress on development trend and key technologies of vertical take-off vertical landing reusable launch vehicle

作　　者：徐大富 张哲 吴克[3] 李红兵 林剑锋 张晓东 郭筱曦[3] 

机构地区：[1]上海宇航系统工程研究所,上海201109 [2]探月与航天工程中心,北京100037 [3]北京空间科技信息研究所,北京100086

出　　处：《科学通报》2016年第32期3453-3463,共11页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：上海市科技人才计划(14XD1423300)资助

摘　　要：可重复使用运载火箭技术是降低空间运输费用的重要手段,也是提升空间快速响应能力的有效途径,各主要航天强国都将其作为航天领域未来发展的重点方向之一.为验证垂直起降精确软着陆与箭体回收技术的可行性,私营商业航天领域的代表者Space X公司开展了多次猎鹰-9火箭一子级海上平台和陆地回收试验,再次掀起可重复使用火箭研究热潮.本文对Space X公司可重复使用运载火箭研究历程、回收试验情况等进行简要回顾,总结归纳了重复使用技术60多年的发展历程,研究分析其发展特点、未来趋势和关键技术,提出发展我国可重复使用运载火箭技术的启示和建议.As the Reusable Launch Vehicle can reduce the launching cost, and improve the ability of Operationally Responsive Space （ORS）, many aerospace powers in the world consider the Reusable Launch Vehicle as a main development tendency of space transportation system. Recently, Space Exploration Technologies Corporation （SpaceX）, as the spokesman of private aerospace corporations, has attracted all the world＇s attention to the Reusable Launch Vehicle. SpaceX has been developing technologies for rockets＇ fully and rapid reusability, and several recovery tests have been conducted on technology-demonstrators and post-mission controlled-descent tests on Falcon 9 rockets＇ first stages, both touchdown on the ocean platform and the land. On 22 December 2015, a Falcon 9 FT rocket of SpaceX, carrying 11 Orbcomm communications satellites, lifted off from Cape Canaveral. After cutoff and stage-separation, the Falcon 9＇s first stage flight back into the atmosphere and pulled off a powered landing on on Landing Zone 1, which is about 10 km far away from the Launch Site of SLC-40, settling to a smooth tail-first touchdown, making it a significant space ＂first＂. After already celebrated a successful booster landing, SpaceX had decided to attempt a landing at sea on this flight despite available margins for a return to land. This decision was prompted by the need to master the landing sequence for sea-based recoveries which will be needed for about half of Falcon 9＇s flights when lifting heavy satellites to high-energy orbits. On 8 April 2016, SpaceX＇s Falcon 9 FT rocket, carrying CRS-8 Dragon cargo, lifted off from Cape Canaveral. The Falcon 9＇s first stage has accomplished the first ever successful returning rocket on the Autonomous Spaceport Drone Ship （ASDS）. This is considered a landmark accomplishment on the road to economical interplanetary and asteroid-toplanet space travel because it enables expensive launch vehicles to be reused. In this paper, based on the experiments of Falcon 9, and analyzing

关 键 词：可重复使用运载火箭 垂直起降 精确软着陆 发展趋势 关键技术 

分 类 号：V475.1[航空宇航科学与技术—飞行器设计]