氮肥用量及其基追施比例对烤烟氮素利用的影响  

Effect of nitrogen application rate and base and topdressing ratio on nitrogen utilization of flue-cured tobacco

作　　者：马兴华[1] 梁晓芳[1] 刘光亮[1] 石屹[1] 张忠锋[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院烟草研究所,农业部烟草生物学与加工重点实验室,青岛266101

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2016年第6期1655-1664,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费(201203091);国家烟草专卖局特色优质烟叶开发重大专项(110201101006 ts-06)资助

摘　　要：【目的】明确氮肥用量及基追肥比例对烤烟氮素吸收利用及氮素残留与损失的调控效应,提出提高氮肥利用率、降低氮肥损失的施氮策略。【方法】应用15N示踪技术,设置2个施氮量(90、60 kg/hm^2)和2个基追肥比例(70%∶30%、30%∶70%),共4种氮肥处理方式。基肥在烟田起垄时施入,追肥于移栽后30天施入。在烤烟伸根期、现蕾期和成熟期采集烟株样品,成熟期采集0—20和20—40 cm土层土壤样品,测定含氮量和15N丰度。成熟期计算烟叶产量和产值。【结果】施氮量由90 kg/hm^2降至60 kg/hm^2,烟株吸收的基肥氮、追肥氮、土壤氮及总氮量均降低,肥料氮占总吸收氮的比例由32.1%降至28.1%,土壤氮的比例由67.9%增至71.9%。基肥氮、追肥氮在土壤中残留量与损失量降低,肥料氮损失率降低26.9%,利用率提高11.3%。追肥比例由30%增至70%,基肥氮的吸收量降低,其占总氮的比例由15.1%降至9.6%,损失率降低52.9%,利用率提高21.7%。追肥氮的吸收量增加,其占总氮的比例由12.7%增至22.8%,残留率提高20.5%,利用率降低20.4%。肥料氮的吸收量增加,其占总氮的比例由27.8%增至32.4%,残留率提高19.9%,损失率降低49.7%,利用率提高20.6%。降低施氮量和增加追肥比例对产量、产值无显著影响。【结论】降低施氮量和增加追肥比例均能够减少肥料氮的损失,提高肥料氮的利用率。在本试验条件下,施氮量为60 kg/hm^2且70%追施是兼顾生态效益和经济效益的最佳氮肥运筹方式。【Objectives】The objective of the study was to clarify the responses of flue-cured tobacco to nitrogen application rates and the basal-topdressing ratio, and fertilizer nitrogen residue and loss, so as to propose an costeffective and environmental-friend nitrogen fertilization method.【Methods】A field experiment using the 15 Ntracer technique was conducted with two N application rates（90 and 60 kg/hm^2） and two basal-topdressing ratios（70%∶30% and 30%∶70%）. The basal application was done with ridging and topdressing at 30 days after transplanting. Plant samples were collected at the root elongation, squaring and mature stage of flue-cured tobacco, soil samples in 0–20 and 20–40 cm depth were collected at the mature stage. The N contents and the abundences of 15 N were measured, the yield and output value were investigated after the harvest.【Results】When the nitrogen application rate was reduced from 90 to 60 kg/hm^2, the absorbed N from basal and topdressing N fertilizer and from soil nitrogen were all decreased; the proportion contributed by fertilizer in the total nitrogen uptake was decreased from 32.1% to 28.1%, whereas that from soil nitrogen was increased from 67.9% to 71.9%;the residues and losses of basal and topdressing fertilizer nitrogen were all decreased with the loss ratio offertilizer N by 26.9%, and the fertilizer N use efficiency increased by 11.3%. When the proportion of topdressing nitrogen was increased from 30% to 70%, the N uptake ratio from basal application decreased from 15.1% to9.6%, the loss ratio decreased by 52.9%, and the nitrogen use efficiency increased by 21.7%; while the N uptake ratio from topdressing was increased from 12.7% to 22.8%, the residual ratio increased by 20.5%, and the nitrogen use efficiency decreased by 20.4%; the total contribution rate of fertilizer N was increased from 27.8% to 32.4%,the residual ratio increased by 19.9%, the loss ratio decreased by 49.7%, and the nitrogen use efficiency increased by 20.6% as a result. Neither reducing

关 键 词：施氮量 基追比例 氮素吸收 氮素利用率 氮素损失 

分 类 号：S572[农业科学—烟草工业]