汉语有没有“主谓结构”  

Does Chinese have the subject-predicate structure?

作　　者：沈家煊[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院

出　　处：《现代外语》2017年第1期1-13,共13页Modern Foreign Languages

摘　　要：对汉语有无主谓结构问题的认识经历了几个阶段。前辈学者已有的认识:汉语主谓结构跟其他结构的地位平等,不以主谓结构的有无来判定句子,主谓结构其实就是话题-说明结构。我们的新认识:主谓结构就是话题-说明结构,这是汉语"用法包含语法"这个大格局所决定的,符合中国哲学"体用不二"的观念;汉语的谓语具有指称性,这是汉语"名词包含动词"的格局决定的,符合中国哲学"物事合一"的观念;汉语"流水句"具有指称性和并置性;谓语是指称语,这在世界语言中不是孤立现象,以此来反观英语,有利于深入认识英语的谓语;"类包含"格局是语言的常态而不是非常态,它符合交谈的合作原则。进一步的认识:汉语的话题-说明结构在形式上就是两个指称语的并置,是规模最小的"流水句",为避免误解,可继承中国哲学的精神,采用"名实耦"的名称。Our understanding of whether Chinese has the subject- predicate structure undergoes three stages.The first stage considers a full sentence in Chinese as composed of two minor sentences, sentences with no subject or with no predicate. The so-called subject-predicate structure has the same syntactic status as other kinds of structures, and is in essence the topic-comment structure. The second stage posits that the topic-comment nature of subject-predicate is determined by the general pattern of'grammar being an integral part of pragmatics'and accords with the philosophical idea of'substance-and-function unity'.The referentiality of predicates in Chinese comes as a result of the super-noun category which includes verbs and adjectives, and accords with the idea of'thing-and-event oneness'in Chinese philosophy.'Run-on sentences'are normal in Chinese and characterized by referentiality and juxtaposition. Super-noun category is found in many other languages than Chinese, and thus English predicates can be analyzed as covered referentials. Class-inclusion is a normal state of language for its agreement with the cooperative principle in conversation. The third stage has it that the topic-comment sequence in Chinese is formally a juxtaposition of two referential expressions and run-on sentences in its minimal scale. To avoid confusion and misunderstanding topic-comment is suggested to be named'name-reality coupling', an important term in Chinese philosophy.

关 键 词：主谓结构 话题-说明类包含 流水句 名实耦 

分 类 号：H043[语言文字—语言学]