消灭脊灰后期的免疫策略及脊灰疫苗不同免疫程序的安全性比较  

Review on the Immunization Strategy in Polio Post-eradication Era and Comparison of the Safety of Polio Vaccination Programs

作　　者：熊玮仪[1] 董铎[1] 

机构地区：[1]国家食品药品监督管理总局药品评价中心,北京100045

出　　处：《中国药物警戒》2017年第2期90-94,共5页Chinese Journal of Pharmacovigilance

摘　　要：口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(OPV)自20世纪60年代中期以来,被全球绝大多数国家的国家免疫规划(NIP)所采用,大规模接种OPV是全球消灭脊灰行动(GPEI)取得成功的决定性因素。但自进入消灭脊灰后期以后,OPV所导致的严重预防接种异常反应—疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎(VAPP)的严重性日益增加。为减少VAPP的发生,世界卫生组织在2015年启动了全球脊灰免疫策略调整工作,要求各国尽快在常规免疫中撤销OPV的2型脊灰病毒成分,并采用至少1剂灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗(IPV)。本文综述了消灭脊灰后期脊灰免疫策略调整的原因和工作进展,并比较了脊灰疫苗不同免疫程序的安全性,以期为我国的相关工作提供参考。Oral poliomyelitis attenuate live vaccine （OPV） has been routinely used in most countries＇ national immunization programs （NIPs） since the middle of 1960s and is generally recognized as the major factor for the success of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. However, in 2015, to tackle the rising disease burden of vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis （VAPP）, the most serious adverse event following immunization of OPV, the World Health Organization launched global withdrawal of the type 2 component of OPV and urged all the member states to include at least one dose of inactived poliovirus vaccine （IPV） in NIPs. This paper simimarizes the rationale and progress of immunization strategy transition in polio post-eradication era and compared the safety of different polio vaccination programs.

关 键 词：脊髓灰质炎 脊髓灰质炎疫苗 疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎 

分 类 号：R95[医药卫生—药学]