论禅宗语言交际的终极合作  

Transcendence:Revisiting Chan/Zen Language Based on the Cooperative Principle

作　　者：陈伟英[1] Chen Weiying(School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学外国语言文化与国际交流学院,浙江杭州310058

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2017年第2期115-125,共11页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(10YJC740013)

摘　　要：禅宗典籍中最有魅力的是公案,公案语录属于对话交际的一种,禅师通过公案接引后学,学人凭借公案验证佛理。从语用学的合作原则来看,公案语言充满对合作原则四个准则的背离,却处处体现着禅师的良苦用心。这些看似违背合作原则的言语实际上却是以表面不合作达到终极合作,其宗旨是实现心灵主体的超越,达到回归本心的境界。要保证公案交际的成功,交际内容、主体和语境这三个要素缺一不可,只有禅师用原发自创的个性化方式,在日常性的禅修中应机接物,交流禅体验,才是合作原则的终极体现。执着于表面文字,无法摆脱言语羁绊,或是学到皮毛后程式化地仿效祖师言句,都是背道而驰,离悟道之门愈行愈远,灭失了禅宗的独立精神。Chan Buddhism flourished during the Tang period and reached its peak in the Song era and became the dominant faction in the history of Chinese Buddhism.During its″golden age,″Chan actually went beyond the walls of the temples and permeated the daily life of the general public.In the process of localization of Chan thoughts,the most intriguing was koan—a crucial form in Chan language.Koan played an important role by providing a basis for wider recognition of legitimate transmission for Chan to thrive.The essence and beauty of the koan is to be rationally unresolvable and thus to point to what is arational,i.e.to abandon the rational thought structures and step beyond the usual state of consciousness.Chan is well known for″a special transmission outside the teachings that does not rely on words and letters.″Chan teachers recognized the limitation of language to describe the genuine enlightenment and emancipation.They tended to dispense their wisdom in an array of peculiar or unconventional ways,which included shouts and beatings that were meted out to their eagerdisciples.In order to achieve the ultimate goal of awakening,disciples must first encounter the impasse triggered by koan and transcend it.As a matter of fact,Chan masters could not totally reject the language,but had to use language creatively or play the language game by harnessing the innate ambiguity in natural language.A wide variety of legendary anecdotes about generations of famous Chan masters were recorded,who could″point directly″to awakening.The present study presents an individualistic attempt to investigate the koan—the questions and answers between Chan masters and their disciples,from a pragmatic perspective,especially based on Cooperative Principle（CP）and conversational implicature.Examples from the koan case collections such as Zutang Ji and Jingde Chuandeng Lu are analyzed under the framework of CP and its four maxims.The discovery is that koan language is replete with the breach and violation of the four maxims in CP,i

关 键 词：禅 语言交际 公案 顿悟 合作原则 

分 类 号：H13[语言文字—汉语]