人工纳米材料对典型生物的毒性效应研究进展  

Research progress review in the toxic effects of the engineering nanomaterials on the typical organisms

作　　者：许志珍[1,2] 赵鹏[1] 张元宝[1] 王煜倩[1] 张群卫[1,3] 唐仕川[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京市劳动保护科学研究所职业安全健康重点实验室,北京100054 [2]北京工业大学生命科学与生物工程学院,北京100124 [3]路易斯维尔大学公共卫生与信息科学学院环境与职业健康系,美国肯塔基州路易斯维尔市40202

出　　处：《安全与环境学报》2017年第2期786-792,共7页Journal of Safety and Environment

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(51308008);北京市科学技术研究院创新团队项目(IG201402C2);北京市科学技术研究院青年骨干项目;国家安全生产监督管理总局安全生产重大事故防治关键技术科技项目(Beijing-0003-2014AQ);北京市科技项目(PXM2016_178304_000020)

摘　　要：纳米科技的快速发展及纳米材料的广泛应用导致纳米材料不可避免地释放到环境中。进入环境中的纳米材料可能会对环境中的许多物种,包括从微生物到更复杂的生物体及生物种群和群落,产生毒性作用,甚至会通过食物链传递,给生态系统带来潜在的危险。因此,纳米生态毒理学的研究引起了人们的高度重视。系统评述了纳米生态毒性的主要影响因素,以及纳米材料对单一生物(微生物、藻类、大型溞和鱼)、经食物链传递、在种群和群落水平上的生物毒性效应和纳米材料与环境中其他污染物结合产生的复合效应,最后在总结目前研究现状的基础之上,提出了纳米材料生态毒性效应还需深入研究的若干方面。With the fast development of the nanotechnology and the wide application of nanomaterials,it is inevitable for the nanomaterials to be released into the surrounding environment,which would naturally increase the exposure of the nanomaterials to the ecosystem.And,in turn,they may consequently bring their toxic damage to lots of organisms from simple ones to the complex ones.It may even exhibit toxicity to the biological communities in the environment.What is more,nanomaterials tend to be transferred through food chain and likely lead to the risks to the entire ecological system.Therefore,great attention has to be paid to the study of nanoecotoxicology.In this paper,we would like to firstly make a systematic summary of the influential factors and the indexical parameters of the ecotoxicity of nanomaterials.From the physicochemical point of view,the toxicity of the nanomaterial properties can be illustrated such as the size,the surface features,the solubility,and the crystal form,whereas the environmental factors can be made known as the water quality parameters,the p H value,the ionic strength and some natural organic matters,and the biological factors refer to various organisms for testing and analysis.The ecotoxicity of nanomaterials is usually be analyzed and assessed in single species（such as microorganism,algae,daphnids and fish）,single species via the trophic route and at the community level.The effects on the growth,reproduction,the behavioral alterations,mortality and the induction of biochemical defense systems have been used as indicators of the toxicity of nanomaterials to the organisms.On the other hand,nanomaterials combined with other inorganic and organic pollutants in the environment can generate complex effects,for they are easily to interact with other pollutants such as the natural organic matters,heavy metals and organic micropollutants in the water.It may increase the toxicity of the pollutants by promoting their uptake in organisms.However,they may also decrease the toxicity of the polluta

关 键 词：环境学 纳米材料 无脊椎动物 脊椎动物 生物效应 复合效应 

分 类 号：X171[环境科学与工程—环境科学]