巴西有法律约束力判例制度研究  

Research on the Brazilian Judicial Precedent System with Binding Effects

作　　者：刘天来[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学比较法学研究院 [2]贵州省安顺市人民检察院民事行政检察处

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2017年第2期92-109,157,共18页Journal of Latin American Studies

摘　　要：20世纪后半叶,巴西的军人独裁政府向文官民主政府过渡。为了巩固民主制度和促进经济发展,在国内和国际的压力下,巴西展开了司法改革。面对各级法院特别是联邦最高法院超负荷的案件审理量、过度的上诉案件以及法官对法律解释的随意性,巴西在指导性判例制度的基础上,建立了有法律约束力判例制度。在巴西法律史上,存在着不断变化发展的不具有法律约束力的判例制度,这种制度在某种程度上是有法律约束力判例制度的渊源。巴西联邦最高法院是批准、修改、废止有法律约束力判例的唯一主体,但只有涉及宪法性问题、并就该问题多次作出过判决但依然存在争议的判例才可以经批准成为有法律约束力判例。共有11个主体有资格建议联邦最高法院批准、修改、废止有法律约束力判例。有法律约束力判例经批准并公布后,其效力及于全部行政机关和司法机关。有法律约束力判例制度的实施达到了该制度的设计目标,获得良好的效果,但是在理论层面上却遇到重重困境。In the latter half of the 20th century,Brazil transformed from military dictatorship government to civilian democratic government.Due to both domestic and international pressures,Brazil launched judicial reform to consolidate the system of democracy and promote economic development.Given that every level of courts in Brazil,especially for the Federal Supreme Court,were faced problems of cases overload,excessive appellate cases as well as overly discretion for judges in interpretation of the law,the judicial precedent system(called Súmula in Portuguese)with binding effects was established on the basis of the previous case guidance system.The legal tradition in Brazil is marked by non-legally binding precedents which has been in constant change,from which the precedent system with binding effects have originated to an extent.The Brazilian Federal Supreme Court is the exclusive authority to ratify,amend or annul the precedents with binding effects.However,only the cases involving the interpretation of Brazilian constitution or those remaining unsettled after repeated judgement can possibly become legally binding.There are eleven branches in Brazil that can be endowed the power to put forward proposals on whether to ratify,amend or annul the precedents with binding effects.When approved and become public,precedents with binding effects shall apply to the whole administrative branches and judicial branches.The implementation of this new system has made good progress in practice and reached its anticipated goal.However,there remain a lot of difficulties at the theoretical level.

关 键 词：巴西 法律约束力 判例制度 联邦最高法院 司法改革 司法独立 司法效率 司法公正 

分 类 号：D912[政治法律—法学]