第15届田径世锦赛男子三级跳远冠军泰勒的助跑特征研究  

Study on the Characteristics of Approach of Men's Triple Jump Champion Taylor at the 15^(th) IAAF World Championships

作　　者：郑富强[1,2] 苑廷刚[2] 李爱东[2] 王国杰[3] 戴勇[1] 郭元奇[4] 

机构地区：[1]山东师范大学体育学院,山东济南250014 [2]国家体育总局体育科学研究所,北京100061 [3]闽南师范大学体育学院,福建漳州363000 [4]北京体育大学,北京100084

出　　处：《中国体育科技》2017年第3期108-116,F0003,共10页China Sport Science and Technology

基　　金：国家体育总局体育科学研究所基本科研业务费资助项目(基本16-34)

摘　　要：以二维录像分析、专家访谈、数理统计等研究方法,对平跳型三级跳远助跑技术进行研究,区分运动技术类型,揭示助跑技术的节奏特点及规律,深化对项目本质与特征认识,为提高训练的科学化水平提供有益借鉴。研究结果:1)倒7~倒1步相邻步长变化幅度分别为1 cm、5 cm、2 cm、22 cm、3 cm、24 cm;倒4~倒1步的相邻单步之间用时差异非常显著(P<0.01)。2)助跑倒7~倒1步平均速度11.02 m/s,倒2步速度最慢(10.40 m/s),倒1步达速度峰值(11.94 m/s);倒2步重心着地速度是唯一与运动成绩高度相关且变异系数相对较大的参量(r=0.955,P<0.01)。3)助跑倒2~倒1步着地和离地角度变化区间分别为80.33?~83.83?、59.67?~64?;倒2步腾起角度2.38?,倒1步则基本保持水平(-0.16?)。4)6次试跳踏板均值17 cm,趾板距离与倒2步着地速度(r=-0.855,P<0.05)、步长(r=0.826,P<0.05)显著相关。研究结论:1)助跑倒4步是平跳型三级跳远节奏调整的临界点;倒3~2步参数变异性最大,是助跑节奏控制的重点与难点。2)助跑倒3~倒1步"中-长-短"时间节奏与"中-大-小"步幅节奏相搭配是创造优异成绩的理想模式。3)稳定倒3~倒1步速度节奏、保持倒2步速度的绝对优势并提高倒1步速度的利用率是提高助跑速度实效性的关键环节。4)助跑支撑阶段的缓冲动作实际上是膝、踝关节的共同作用,蹬伸动作是以踝关节蹬伸为主导,膝关节则保持"屈蹬"方式。"快步频、大着地角、小离地角、屈蹬、低腾空"是倒2~1步基本技术特点。5)80?~85?的着地角度与56?~61?的离地角度相搭配利于减少助跑制动阻力、保持水平速度,但能否对比赛成绩起决定性作用还要取决于运动员的蹬伸与摆动能力。6)倒2步步长和速度是踏板效果的重要影响因素,提高踏板准确性有助于提高竞技水平。This study analyzed approach techniques of the balanced triple Jump by the methods of 2-D Video, expert interview and mathematical. The purposes of this study were to distinguish technology type, reveal the characteristics and rules of approach technique, strengthen the understanding of the nature and characteristics of the project and to provide useful reference for improving the level of scientific training. Results： l） Amplitudes of the strides length variation in the last 7- 1 adjacent strides are lcm, 5cm, 2cm, 22cm, 3cm and 24cm; The time between adjacent single stride in the last 4- 1 strides showed significant difference （P〈0.01）. 2）Average velocity in the last 7- 1 strides of the approach is 11.02 m/s, the last 2 stride is the slowest （10.40 m/s）, and the last 1 stride is to reach the peak （11.94 m/s）： the touchdown velocity of the last 2 stride is the only parameter which is highly correlated with the athletic performance and the coefficient of variation is relatively large （R=0.955, P〈 0.01）. 3） In the last 2 - 1 strides of the approach, the angles of touchdown and extension are maintained in the range of 80.33-83.83° and 59.67-64° respectively; The angle of takeoff in the last 2 stride is 2.38°, but it＇ s maintained in 0° level （- 0.16°） basically in the last 1 stride. 4） The mean value of the toe-to-board distances of six attempts is 17cm, it＇ s showed a significant relationship with the last 2 touchdown velocity （R=- 0.855, P〈 0.05） and the stride length （R=0.826, P 〈 0.05）. Conclusions： 1） The last 4 stride of the approach is a critical point of the rhythm adjustment of the balanced triple jump; The last 3-2 strides are the focus and difficulty of the rhythm control and the variability of the parameters of it is the maximal. 2） In the last 3 - 1 strides, match ＂medium -long-short＂ time rhythm with＂ medium-big-small＂ pace rhythm is an ideal model to create excellent results. 3） Stable the speed rhythm of the 3 - 1 strides, main

关 键 词：平跳型三级跳远 助跑节奏 技术分析 田径世锦赛 泰勒 

分 类 号：G823.3[文化科学—体育训练]