美国联邦政府科研经费的二次分配模式及启示  

The Twice Allocation Mode of U.S. Federal Government Funding and Enlightenment

作　　者：吴卫红[1] 杨婷[1] 陈高翔[1] 陈冬生[2] 方勇[1] WU Weihong YANG Ting CHEN Gaoxiang CHEN Dongsheng FANG Yong(School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China)

机构地区：[1]北京化工大学经济管理学院,北京100029 [2]北京化工大学,北京100029

出　　处：《科技管理研究》2017年第11期37-43,共7页Science and Technology Management Research

基　　金：科技部研究计划项目"我国科技评价的方法与组织架构研究"(2015JP013)

摘　　要：以分析美国联邦科研经费的分配概况为出发点,研究美国联邦科研经费的配置及管理模式,并具体介绍美国国家科学基金会(NSF)联邦科研经费的竞争性分配方式和流程。研究发现:第一,整体上美国对其政府科研投入的配置及管理呈现出自上而下的两次分配特点,各政府部门以预算管理这种非竞争性方式获得可执行的科研预算是初次分配阶段,国家实验室、联邦资助的科研中心(FFRDCs)、大学和学院等科研机构通过竞争性和非竞争性方式向各部门申请科研经费是二次分配阶段。第二,NSF借助价值评议的项目官自主决策这一竞争性方式配置其科研经费,极大地提高了经费配置的效率性和公平性。最后,对我国政府科研经费的配置提出相关建议。Based on the analysis of the allocation data of the U.S. federal funding, the article studied the allocation and management mode of the U.S. federal funding, and then specifically introduced competitive allocation methods and processes of NSF＇ s federal funding. The results showed that, first, the allocation and management of U.S. federal funding presented a twice allocation feature on the whole, which was top-down： all government departments obtaining their executable research budget through noncompetitive way of budget management was the initial allocation stage; national laboratory, FFRDCs, colleges and universities and other research institutions apply for research funding from departments through competitive or noncompetitive way was secondary allocation stage. Second, NSF allocated its research funding through a competitive way of project officer independent decision- making with the help of value appraisal, which greatly improved the efficiency and fairness of funds allocation. Finally, the article put forward some suggestions for China＇ s government funding allocation.

关 键 词：联邦科研经费 分配 预算管理 NSF 同行评议 

分 类 号：G327.12[文化科学]