中国古代的“帝师”文化——以张良为中心的考察  

“Royal Preceptor(Dishi)” Culture in Ancient China——A Study with Zhang Liang as an Example

作　　者：龚留柱[1] 张靖人[2] 

机构地区：[1]河南大学历史文化学院,河南开封475001 [2]郑州航空工业管理学院思想政治理论教学部,河南郑州450046

出　　处：《军事历史研究》2017年第2期42-54,共13页Military History Research

摘　　要：帝师,是对张良的准确历史定位,这也是一个在中国历史上绵延不绝的群体,分为创业型的"政治军师"和教化帝王的"师傅型"帝师两种,前者以张良为典范。中国古代帝师文化的源头,一是儒家"王者必有师"的治国理论,二是蕴涵丰富文韬武略资源的先秦秦汉兵书。帝师制度从西汉开始正式确立,结束于近代康有为之后。张良于儒道文化兼而得之,逐渐成长为一个善于"持忍"的战略大师。张良对汉帝国创建所作出的贡献,主要是方向性的战略规划,奠定了汉400年一统江山的稳固之基。最后,张良明智地选择了功成身退,更准确地说是"朝隐"。The term ＂Royal Preceptor （Dishi）＂ gives an accurate historical position for Zhang Liang, a typical figure a- mong a group of people throughout the history of China. This group can be further divided into two types, the entrepreneurial ＂ political Army Adviser （ Junshi ） ＂ and ＂Mentor＂ for emperors. Zhang Liang serves as a perfect example for the former type. The ＂Royal Preceptor （Dishi） ＂ culture in ancient China can trace back to two sources. One is the Confucian governance the- ory expressed in the saying ＂A king cannot be a king without mentors＂, and the other derives from the rich resources of writ- ings on the art of war in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties. The system of ＂Royal Preceptor （Dishi）＂ was formally established in the Western Han Dynasty and came to its end in the modem era after Kang Youwei. Zhang Liang was well-versed in both Confucianism and Taoism, and gradually became a master strategist good at ＂maintaining tolerance＂. Zhang Liang＇ s contri- butions to the creation of the Han Empire were mainly in strategic planning, which laid solid foundation for a vast and power- ful empire lasting for 400 years. After achieving great success, Zhang wisely chose to retire, which was more accurately termed as ＂ official recluse （Chaoyin） ＂.

关 键 词：张良 帝师 王者师 武经七书 持忍 朝隐 

分 类 号：K20[历史地理—历史学] E291[历史地理—中国史]