清代民众识字问题的再认识  

Rethinking Popular Literacy in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：刘永华[1] 

机构地区：[1]厦门大学历史系,教授厦门361005

出　　处：《中国社会科学评价》2017年第2期96-110,共15页China Social Science Review

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目"明清时期的礼仪变革与乡村社会"(15JJD770017);香港特别行政区大学教育资助委员会卓越学科领域计划(第5轮)"中国社会的历史人类学"的资助

摘　　要：学界对清代民众识字问题的认识,由罗友枝等学者奠基于20世纪70年代。他们透过参考近代调查所得识字比例,侧重考察科举制度、教育制度、书籍出版等问题,间接推断清代的民众识字率。目前清代民众识字研究面临的主要挑战,是如何重新定义读写能力,寻求测量识字率的新方法。为此,回顾人类学和欧洲史学界的相关研究或有裨益。人类学者和欧洲史学者注重从民众日常生活出发考察读写能力,强调非叙事性、非连续性文本在其中扮演的重要角色。基于这种认识,似有必要下调读写能力的识字下限,并从民众日常生活中面对的民间文献入手,理解其读写能力。欧洲史识字研究中对签名的系统利用,对清代民众识字率的测算也有借鉴意义。通过寻求诸如花押等读写能力的外在证据,选取民间文献保存相对系统的社区,开展微观识字研究,应可对清代民众识字率的总体水平和变动趋势进行计量分析。The academic understanding of popular literacy in the Qing dynasty was founded in 1970s by Luo Youzhi and others.Based on the proportions of literacy in modern surveys,and the investigation of imperial examination system,education system and publication,they indirectly inferred popular literacy rate in the Qing dynasty.At present,the main challenge in this study is how to redefine literacy and seek new method of measuring literacy rate.To this end,it will be helpful to review the relevant studies in anthropology and European history.They emphasize the public’s ability to read and write in daily life,and also the important role of non-narrative and non-discontinuous texts.Based on this understanding,it seems necessary to lower down the literacy threshold,and to understand it from documents needed in people’s daily life.The systematic examination of signatures in the study of literacy in European history can be of reference value for us to calculate the literacy rate in the Qing dynasty.The overall level of and changes in popular literacy in the Qing dynasty can hopefully be analyzed in a quantitative way by finding external evidence for literacy such as cross mark signatures(huaya)from communities with a relatively better preserved folk documents.

关 键 词：清代 民众识字 功能性识字 微观识字研究 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]