足球比赛负荷评定范式与量度研究  

Measurement and Evaluation Paradigm of Exercise Load in Football Match

作　　者：赵刚[1] 张英成[2] 

机构地区：[1]深圳大学体育部,广东深圳518060 [2]东北师范大学体育学院,吉林长春130024

出　　处：《天津体育学院学报》2017年第2期153-161,共9页Journal of Tianjin University of Sport

基　　金：上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(项目编号:15490503200)

摘　　要：足球比赛负荷由外部负荷与内部负荷构成,两种负荷形式是共变的统一体,是负荷的内、外两个方面,前者为因,后者为果。两种形式对负荷的表达形式不同,因此其评定范式也不尽相同。外部负荷评价范式主要基于足球项目的专项运动特征,其过程为:首先对能够反映专项特征的所有运动行为方式进行归类,然后对各类活动形式的数量、持续时间、间歇特征等进行度量并进行分析评估。内部负荷的评定范式主要基于比赛中运动员机体的生理生化反应以及能量代谢特征,其过程为:首先采集非正式比赛的生理生化指标,然后根据数据结果对外部负荷导致的机体变化特征进行度量并进行分析评估。前者强调专项的运动形式、后者反映项目的能量代谢特征,二者共同构成了足球项目的运动负荷评定范式,同时也是足球运动员体能训练的基本逻辑起点。通过系统分析表明,只有将内、外负荷评定相结合,定性定量相结合才能更加系统完整的评价比赛负荷。整体上看足球比赛负荷是大强度有氧负荷,其外部负荷表现为:跑动距离9 800~12 000 m,间歇时间为18.8~23.6 s;对应内部负为80‰~85‰HRmax,血乳酸6~13 mmol/L之间。大强度比赛负荷的外部负荷是由爆发性动作构成,中强度负荷由多次有球与对抗下跑动构成,小强度负荷主要由走和慢跑构成,3个强度对应的内部负荷分别为:85%~100%HRmax、血乳酸12~14 mmol/L;75%~84%HRmax,血乳酸8~12mmol/L;55%~74%HRmax,血乳酸在8mmo L/L以下。Exercise load of football match consist of external and internal load, they are two aspect of exercise load, and external load is the cause, the latter one is the result caused by external load. Two load style reflect two aspects of exercise load, so the evaluation paradigm is different. Various motion style reflect football match specialties need to be classified when external load evaluation is done, then motion frequency, duration and work-rest ratio were measured and analyzed. Internal load of football match exercise load mainly based on the physiology, then get the energy consumption via analyzing physiology data. External load highlights specificity of football match, and internal load mainly reflects bioenergetics, only two aspects were combined, football match exercise load could be well explicit, and guild strength and conditioning training better. On the whole, football match load is high intensity aerobic load, the external load performance as running distance is 9 800-12 000 meters＇ 18.8-23.6 seconds＇ match intermittent;While correspond the internal load is 80%-85% HRmax, the blood lactic acid is between 6-13mmol/L. The high tense match load which contains explosive action, medium tense load contains several continuous ball possession and running in confrontation, the lower tense load which contains walking and jogging. The three intensity correspond to the internal load that 85%- 100%HRmax, and the blood lactic acid is 12-14mmol/L;75%-84%HRmax, and the blood lactic acid is 8-12mmol/L; 55%-74% HRmax. The blood lactic acid is below 8mmol/L.

关 键 词：比赛负荷 量度 评定 范式 足球 

分 类 号：G808.1[文化科学—体育训练] G843[文化科学—运动人体科学]