人体运动控制理论及计算模型的研究进展  

Review on Theories and Computational Modeling of Motor Control

作　　者：王爱文[1] 罗冬梅[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京体育大学运动人体科学学院,北京100084

出　　处：《体育科学》2017年第8期58-68,共11页China Sport Science

基　　金：北京体育大学自主科研课题(2016SYS006)

摘　　要：人体运动控制是一个复杂的、综合了多门学科的领域,先后纳入了物理学、解剖学、生理学、心理学、工程学、神经学等学科的内容。人体运动控制的研究从最初的对人体外在的机械运动的描述逐渐深入到肌肉骨骼,神经控制的层次。人体运动控制领域要解决的基本问题是人体运动的冗余控制、富余控制及运动变异,它们代表了人体运动的多样性,围绕这几个基本问题,学者们提出了各种基于信息控制理论和基于物理过程的各种人体运动控制的假说(动作编码、层级控制、平衡点假说、对照设置假说、动态行为理论等)及多种用于人体运动评估研究的计算框架(黎曼流形、非控制流形、容错-噪声-共变模型、适应性模型理论等)。这些理论假说有的偏重于控制信息的处理过程,有的偏重于人体运动的物理过程,其中每个理论假说都有其意义及局限性,提供研究者不同的思考角度,有的理论,如平衡点假说,则是沉寂一段时间后又被重新发现其实践意义,并受到越来越多的关注。对人体运动的研究,一开始人们关注于单一关节、单一肌肉的状态,然而人体的运动是一个整体,一个关节出现损伤可能主要的原因并不是在这一个关节而是受到其余关节活动的影响,一块肌肉的损伤也可能是由于其余肌肉的影响,甚至人体的损伤也受到人体认知状况的影响,这就需要从整体的角度去重新审视人体运动。人体运动是复杂的,对人体运动的描述不能仅仅是对单一关节、单一肌肉的描述,而是需要更为复杂的计算框架,黎曼流形、非控制流形、容错-噪声-共变模型、适应性模型理论则对人体运动的描述做出了有益的探索。人体运动控制理论对康复及运动训练有着重要的影响,根据运动控制理论学者们提出和更新了传统的康复及训练方法,从运动控制角度设计的训练方法有效地降低�Human motor control is a comprehensive field which absorbs knowledge gradually from physics, anatomy, physiology, psychology, engineering, neurology, etc. and the researches of human motor control are also from the preliminary human movement describing to the now neuromuscular mechanism. The main problems of human motor control field are redundancy control, abundance control and motor variability which are the abstractions of human movement flexibilities. Researchers proposed several hypotheses and theories about how to solving these problems including Motor Coding, Hierarchy Control, Equilibrium Point Hypothesis, Refer- ence Configuration Hypothesis, Dynamical Action Theory, Riemann manifold, Uncontrolled Manifold, Tolerance-Noise-Covariation, Adaptive Model Theory etc. Some of these hypotheses are focusing on the information transferring in human motor control proceeding and some of them are focusing on the physical processing. Every hypothesis has its limitation and effect which supplies researchers with different view about the human movement control. In the field, researcher focused only the sole articulation, single muscle but human moves as a whole body so if one articulation or muscle were got problem, it perhaps is caused not by the problem ar- ticulation but the other articulations or muscle even by the human recognition. For this reason, we need to evaluate the human movement from the whole prospective. Human motor control hypotheses and theories have the very important affections on the training and rehabilitation that physical therapists proposed new rehabilitation methods and renewed the old methods. According to the training method based on the motor control theory can significantly decreased the injury risk of athletes. The research in human motor control field can help to understand themechanism of sport injuring and the interaction between equipment and human body, to im- prove the sport performance.

关 键 词：运动控制 人体运动 运动生物力学 康复理论 

分 类 号：G804.6[文化科学—运动人体科学]