论康德道德神学对心灵秩序的自由根基重置  

Kant's Moral Theology Resets Freedom as Foundation for Order of Mind

作　　者：张廷干 ZHANG Ting-gan

机构地区：[1]盐城师范学院马克思主义学院

出　　处：《南京师大学报（社会科学版）》2017年第5期5-20,共16页Journal of Nanjing Normal University(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目"和谐社会心态及其培育路径的精神哲学研究"(16FZX036)研究成果

摘　　要：探讨伦理道德与宗教信仰的关系以确证道德发展秩序的根基是道德哲学的一个重要论域,康德以此建构其道德神学;基于对启蒙的内在困境与现代伦理悖谬的深刻领悟,康德试图通过道德理性自身的启蒙以及宗教的启蒙确证现代理性道德信念,使自主性自由的理念成为道德神学最强有力的建构性原理,不仅将上帝存有的道德证明的实在性意义限制于主体性确证的实践理性自由领域从而超越了自然实在论,而且促进了宗教信仰的世俗化进程,即实现了向"信仰性道德"这一现代信仰形式的根本性转变。然而,无论是基于意志自律的信仰性道德还是纯然理性限度内的宗教,都招致了诸多质疑与误解,最终把心灵秩序或弃恶向善这一心灵改变的根基问题呈现出来;对于心灵秩序的根基究竟应该是恩典自由还是理性自主自由的辨正,则涉及人文道德与宗教信仰关联的复杂性、康德自由理论对于"自我本性"与"主体性自由"的确然区分、现代人文主体的人性自救与上帝恩典之间存在着的矛盾张力等问题的认识。The exploration of the relationship between ethics and religious belief to confirm the foundation of moral development is an important domain of moral philosophy, from which Kant＇s moral theology originated. Due to his profound insight into the inherent predicament of the Enlightenment and the paradoxical features of modem ethics, Kant tried to confirm the modem rational moral belief through the enlightenment provided by moral reason itself and by religion, and to make the concept of ＂autonomy of freedom＂ the most powerful consmactive principle of moral theology. He not only restricted the practical significance in the moral proof of God to the field beyond the natural realism confirmed by the practical rational freedom of the will, but also promoted the secularization of religious belief, i.e. the essential transformation into a ＂faithful morality＂, which was a radical change in the form of modem belief. However, whether it is faithful morality based on wilting self-discipline or on the religion within the bounds of pure reason, Kant＇s moral theology, though causing many questions and misunderstandings, has ultimately revealed the fundamental issue of the order of mind or the change of mind from evil to good. The decision on whether the foundation for the order of mind is the freedom of God＇s grace or the rational autonomy involves due understanding of the following issues： among others, the complex relationship between humanistic morality and religious belief; the differentiation between ＂self nature＂ and ＂subjective freedom＂ in Kant＇s theory of freedom; and the tension between the self help enabled by the modem concept of humanistic subject and God＇s grace.

关 键 词：道德神学 信仰性道德 自主性自由 心灵秩序 

分 类 号：B516.31[哲学宗教—外国哲学]