侵权按份责任诉讼形态研究——以《侵权责任法》第12条的司法适用为中心  

A Study on Tort Proportional Liability Litigation Forms: Centered on the Judicial Application of Article 12 in Tortious Liability Law

作　　者：宋春龙[1] SONG Chun-long(Law School, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院,北京100872

出　　处：《现代法学》2017年第5期132-143,共12页Modern Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金"迈向制度理性的民事程序研究"(14CFX028);中国人民大学科研基金研究品牌计划(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)"民事纠纷的多元化解决机制研究"(10XNI033)

摘　　要：侵权按份责任具有"内外关系上的按份性",是其与连带责任、不真正连带责任、补充责任的重要区别。在诉讼形态的选择上,针对"内外关系上的按份性",有适用必要共同诉讼与普通共同诉讼两种对立的观点。案例分析表明,实践中对待侵权按份责任所适用诉讼形态亦呈现出多样化、任意化的特点,未形成统一做法。其原因包括我国缺少将债与诉讼形态相联系这一大陆法系的基本方式,且我国民事程序法的诉讼形态规定过于粗疏而缺乏可操作性。应采取特殊化、具体化的解释路径解决此问题,允许权利人起诉全部或部分按份责任人承担责任。基于纠纷的一次性解决和权利实现的可能性,撤回部分起诉应受到时间和具体理由的限制。在权利人部分起诉时,基于查明事实和保障其他侵权人利益的目的,其他侵权人可以无独立请求权第三人的身份加入诉讼。在存在未知名侵权人时,适用单独诉讼,直接对此作出裁判。Tort proportional liability is of proportional for both internal and external relationships. It is different from joint liability,unreal joint liability and complimentary liability of tort. In choosing the forms of litigation according to this feature,there are two modes： indispensable joint litigation and common joint litigation.The analyses of case show that the practice of litigation forms exhibit diversity. From one aspect,we are lacking in debt law so that we cannot connect litigation forms with the forms of debt. From another aspect,the litigation form of civil procedure law fall behind. We should take special methods to solve this problem. The creditors are allowed to sue all or parts of the responsible. For the aim of solving the problem together,withdrawal should be constrained in time and matter. When the creditors sue part of the responsible,as for the aim of finding the truth and protect the interest of other responsible,they could join the suit as the third party without an independent claims. When there exits an unknown tort,we should just make a judgments directly.

关 键 词：侵权按份责任 诉讼形态 按份之债 必要共同诉讼 普通共同诉讼 

分 类 号：DF72[政治法律—诉讼法学]