中国南海诸岛的植物和植被现状  

Plants and Vegetation on South China Sea Islands

作　　者：任海[1] 简曙光[1] 张倩媚[1] 王发国[1] 沈彤 王俊[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院华南植物园//广东省应用植物学重点实验室,广东广州510650 [2]中国人民解放军海军营房部,北京100039

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2017年第10期1639-1648,共10页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC1403002);中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项(XDA13020500)

摘　　要：中国南海诸岛包括东沙、西沙、南沙和中沙群岛,它们均属热带海洋珊瑚岛,受热带海洋性季风气候影响。南海诸岛有40多个岛礁有陆生植物405种,其中野生植物260多种,栽培植物100余种。常见乔木有榄仁树(Terminalia catappa)、抗风桐(Ceodes grandis)、海岸桐(Guettarda speciosa)、红厚壳(Calophyllum inophyllum)、橙花破布木(Cordia subcordata)、莲叶桐(Hernandia nymphaeifolia)、海柠檬(Ochrosia oppositifolia)等;灌木主要有草海桐(Scaevola taccada)、银毛树(Tournefortia argentea)、海巴戟(Morinda citrifolia)、假茉莉(Clerodendrum inerme)、海人树(Suriana maritima)等;草藤本植物主要有厚藤(Ipomoea pes-caprae)、海刀豆(Canavalia rosea)、滨豇豆(Vigna marina)、海滨大戟(Euphorbia atoto)、孪花蟛蜞菊(Wollastonia biflora)、蒭雷草(Thuarea involuta)、细穗草(Lepturus repens)、盐地鼠尾粟(Sporobolus virginicus)和沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)等。这些植物在形态、结构和生理生态方面形成了耐盐、耐高温、耐旱、喜钙、阳生、海漂、动物传播等方面的植物功能性状以适应生境。南海诸岛的植被有珊瑚岛热带常绿乔木群落、珊瑚岛热带常绿灌木群落、珊瑚岛热带草本群落、湖沼植被和人工栽培植被5大类21种。影响南海诸岛植被演替的主要因素是土壤质地和水分状况,属于外因演替。南海诸岛的土壤主要有分布于岛中的常绿乔木和常绿灌木林下的石灰质腐殖土以及分布在岛外围沿岸海滨的冲积珊瑚沙。南海诸岛面积小,植被形成极不容易,对各岛的天然植被要进行保护,对填海造陆区域的绿化可参考这些天然植被生态系统进行土壤改良、种类筛选和种类搭配,对野生植物资源可以合理利用,要注意外来种入侵防控、恶性杂草控制和病虫害防治。未来要加强植被生态系统的保护、恢复和科研工作,实现可持续发展。The South China Sea islands are tropical marine coral islands, including Dongsha, Paracel, Sparatly and Zhongsha Islands and all have tropical monsoon climates. There are about 405 species of terrestrial plants on these islands, including more than 260 wild plants and more than 100 cultivated plants. The common trees are Terminalia catappa, Ceodes grandis, Guettarda speciosa, Calophyllum inophyllum, Cordia subcordata, Hernandia nymphaeifolia. The shrubs include Scaevola taccada, Tournefortia argentea, Morinda citrifolia, Clerodendrum inerme, Suriana maritime. Dominant grasses and vines are Ipomoea pes-caprae, Canavalia rosea, Vigna marina, Euphorbia atoto, Wollastonia biflora, Thuarea involuta, Lepturus repens, Sporobolus virginicus, Zoysia matrella. These plants have functional traits with high salt and drought tolerance, high temperature resistance, calciphile, high light preference, and sea drifting and animal dispersal. There are five types of vegetation, including coral island tropical evergreen forest, coral island tropical evergreen shrub forest, coral island tropical herb-vine community, marsh vegetation and artificial cultivation vegetation, which can be divided into 21 communities. The main factors affecting vegetation succession are soil texture and water status, which belong to exogenous succession. The soils of the islands include calcareous humus soil under evergreen trees and shrubs, and alluvial coral sand along the coast of islands. The natural vegetation on the islands needs protection. The vegetation recovery of the reclamation area can use the natural vegetation on the islands for soil improvement, species selection and community structure. Wild plant resources should be used with caution. Because of the invasions by alien species including malignant weeds, and pest control becomes a major focus. In the future, the protection, restoration and research of vegetation ecosystems should be strengthened to ensure sustainable development.

关 键 词：陆生植物 植物功能性状 热带珊瑚岛 外来种入侵 

分 类 号：Q948[生物学—植物学] X173[环境科学与工程—环境科学]