教育、户籍转换与城乡教育收益率差异  

Education,Migration and the Urban-Rural Difference in Returns to Education

作　　者：赵西亮[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]厦门大学经济学院经济学系 [2]厦门大学王亚南经济研究院

出　　处：《经济研究》2017年第12期164-178,共15页Economic Research Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目"农村转移人口市民化对城市就业和工资的影响研究"(14BJL038);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目"中国经济结构转型中若干问题探析"(20720171027);教育部重大课题攻关项目"供给侧结构改革的理论基础与政策思路研究"(16JZD016)的资助

摘　　要：为何农村教育收益率低于城市,但农村居民的教育需求却很高?这种看似矛盾的现象可以从教育帮助农村居民突破户籍限制的角度进行解释。利用中国居民收入调查数据(CHIP2013),通过将极度正向选择性的永久移民分离出来,并放回到农村样本中去以修正样本选择偏差,以1986年义务教育法实施的自然实验作为工具变量,我们发现农村教育收益率有显著提高,由原始样本的3.2%提高到5.7%。对农村居民而言,往往是高等教育更有利于他们突破户籍限制,因而,我们还估计了大学教育收益率,发现城市大学教育收益率为50.4%,农村大学教育收益率也高达50.6%,考虑到城市户籍附着的潜在福利收益,农村大学教育收益率可能会更高。这意味着,政府应该进一步加强对农村的教育投资,以促进更多农村居民进入城市体系,从而有利于我国经济的结构性转型。Summary： Returns to education are closely related to a country＇s economic system. Before 1978, the economy in China was governed by a planning system, and education was not rewarded. Earlier studies usually find low returns to education in urban China and even negative returns in rural China. Since open reform, returns to education have risen, and returns to education in urban China are now approaching the world level. Many studies find that returns to education for rural people are much lower than those of urban people. However, their demand for education, especially higher education, is greater than that of urban people. It is puzzling that returns to education are lower while demand for education is higher for rural people. In this paper, we try to solve this puzzle. There is a special arrangement in the Chinese household registration system （the hukou system）. The hukou system divides China into two sectors, urban and rural. Rural hukou holders could not move to urban China in the past. Now, restrictions are lighter： rural hukou holders can work in cities, but they cannot enjoy the same welfare benefits as local urban hukou holders. However, there are some ways to change hukou status. Education is one of the most important channels to by which to obtain urban hukou status. Usually, when a rural child enters college, his or her hukou status will change to urban hukou. Joining the army is another way to change hukou status. With the recent rapid urbanization, land expropriation has become another important way for rural people to obtain urban hukou status. We call such people ＂permanent migrants＂. Permanent migrants are usually not included in investigations of rural people; the remaining rural people will be the selected sample. Their education levels are lower, as is their potential income. This is why earlier studies obtained low estimates of returns to education for rural people. In this paper, we use a unique dataset, the China Household Income Project 2013 （CHIP2013） , which consists o

关 键 词：户籍 迁移 教育收益率 样本选择偏差 工具变量法 

分 类 号：G40-05[文化科学—教育学原理]