从“有限”到“事件”:福柯话语理论的康德先验人类学批判  

From "Finitude" to "Event" : The Critique of Kant's Transcendental Anthropology in Foucault's Discourse Theory

作　　者：舒志锋[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学哲学院,北京100872

出　　处：《内蒙古大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2018年第1期50-55,共6页Journal of Inner Mongolia University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社科基金项目(项目批准号:13AZX026)

摘　　要：福柯的话语理论的意图不在于揭示语言的普遍结构,也不仅是凸显陈述"事件性"的方法,而是有着更为深层的哲学批判意图。这一意图与康德哲学有着密切的关联。康德哲学的先验性及主体性的特点,使整个关于现代的思考奠基于先验人类学之上,并使关于启蒙的理解陷入了"认知的历史模式之合法性研究"这一分析程序中。在《词与物》中,福柯就已经通过揭示语言的有限性,来表明产生于现代认识构型中"人—主体"的虚构属性。拆解先验人类学框架的指向在《知识考古学》中得到了进一步的指明,并在方法论层面进行了总结。在这一文本中,福柯构建了一个话语分析的拓扑学模式,立足于话语的事件与历史性质而对其规律性进行了描绘,由此总结出话语的实证性类型。福柯将这一话语分析方法挪移于关于"批判"与"启蒙"的分析中,将康德先验人类学的批判贯彻到启蒙与现代性的思考中。Foucault＇s discourse theory is not intended to reveal the universal structure of language,nor is it merely a way to feature the event-ness of the statement,but has a deeper underlying philosophical critical intention,which is closely related with with Kant＇s philosophy. The transcendental nature of Kant＇s philosophy with its characteristics of subjectivity bases all the thinking on modernity on transcendental anthropology and confines the understanding of enlightenment to the analytic procedure of ＂ the research of legitimacy of historical modes of cognition＂. By revealing the finiteness of language in the Words and Things,Foucault has shown the fictional attribute of ＂ man-subject＂ produced in modern episteme. The goal of breaking the transcendental anthropological framework has been further practiced in Archeology of Knowledge and summarized at the methodological level.In this text,Foucault constructs a topological formula of discourse analysis,and describes the unique regularity of discourse based on the event and historical nature of discourse,and hereby summarizes the positivistic type of discourse. Foucault employs this discourse analysis method in the analysis of ＂ critique＂ and ＂ enlightenment＂,thus implementing the critique of Kant＇s transcendental anthropology to the thinking of enlightenment and modernity.

关 键 词：福柯 有限 事件 话语 先验人类学 

分 类 号：B565.59[哲学宗教—外国哲学]