国人对真平时差的认识历程初探  

A Preliminary Study on the Process of Chinese Understanding on Equation of Time

作　　者：任杰[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国计量大学人文社科学院,浙江杭州310018

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2018年第2期72-78,共7页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：国家社科重大项目"中国计量史"(项目编号:15ZDB030)

摘　　要：真平时差是精准的时间计量所必须要面对的重要问题,国人对其的认识史以及相关制度的行用史在文中得到了较全面的追溯。沈括首先从理论角度出发指出了真太阳日的不均匀,但他的具体描述与实际现象并不相符。明末清初是西方真平时差理论引入我国的时期,从《崇祯历书》到《历象考成》的一系列历法中,真平时等概念经历了由混乱走向明晰、由矛盾走向自洽的变化。大约到19世纪中叶,国人开始把平时与钟表联系起来,伴随着钟表的普及和现代市镇播时设施的设立,平时作为时间制度开始在一定范围内推广,不过20世纪三四十年代以后,标准时的广泛推行使得地方平时很快成为尘封的大众记忆而只在某些专业领域得以延续。Equation of time is an important problem in accurate time measurement. This paper traces the history of its recognition and use in China. Shen Kuo（ 沈 括） was the first to point out the unevenness of the apparent solar day in theory, but his concrete description did not accord with the actual phenomenon. During the late Ming and the early Qing dynasties, the western theory on equation of time was introduced into China. From the Chong zhen（ 崇祯） Calendar to the Li xiang kao cheng（ 历象考成）, apparent time, mean time and other concepts evolved from chaos to clarity, from contradiction to self-consistence. Around the middle of the 19th century, the Chinese began to link mean solar time with clocks. The mean time system was adopted and promoted in certain localities, with the popularization of watches, clocks and the establishment of modern facilities for telling the time in various towns. However, after the 1930s, the extensive implementation of the standard time system made the local mean time system out-of-date and quickly forgotten. It is only retained in certain areas of expertise.

关 键 词：时间计量 真太阳日 真平时差 均时差 钟表 

分 类 号：N0[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]