农牧交错带农牧系统氮素流动与环境效应——以山西省为例  

Nutrient Flow and Environmental Effects on Crop-Livestock System in Farming-Pastoral Transition Zone——A Case Study in Shanxi Province

作　　者：张建杰 郭彩霞 李莲芬[2] 张强 

机构地区：[1]山西省农业科学院农业环境与资源研究所/山西省土壤环境与养分资源重点实验室,太原030031 [2]山西省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所,太原030032

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2018年第3期456-467,共12页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0200105);山西省青年科技研究基金(201601D21118);山西省农业科学院科技攻关项目(YGG1507)

摘　　要：【目的】探明山西省农牧交错带农牧生产系统的氮素流动特征及其环境效应,进一步为山西实施区域养分资源管理、加快农牧交错带产业结构调整提供科学依据。【方法】在整理统计资料、文献数据和实地调研的基础上,使用食物链养分流动模型(nutrient flows in food chains,environment and resources use,NUFER)和GIS,估算山西省农牧交错带(主要涉及大同、朔州、忻州、吕梁、临汾和太原等6个地市)42个县区农牧生产系统的氮素账户平衡、流动路径及损失途径。【结果】不同县区农田化学氮肥投入存在"两极分化"的现象,投入水平范围在6.7—253 kg·hm^(-2),极值间相差38倍;各县区农田氮素的投入结构也表现出较大差异,主要跟当地化学氮肥施用习惯及农业种植结构有很大的关系;单位农田面积农作物主产品的氮素携出量范围在19.11—96.75kg·hm^(-2),空间上整体呈现南北高、中部低的变化趋势;不同县区农田氮素盈余量在-16—202 kg·hm^(-2),氮素亏缺与盈余情况并存;区内畜牧生产系统中外源饲料氮素投入差异较大,朔州市的山阴县外源饲料氮素投入高达0.94×104 t,而忻州的五寨、临汾的隰县、大宁和蒲县,则可以通过作物生产系统来满足畜牧生产系统的饲料需求,也充分反映了各县区畜牧业养殖规模和农牧产业结构存在较大差异;区内单位面积农田动物主产品氮素携出量范围在1.51—27.50 kg·hm^(-2),极差25.99 kg·hm^(-2),说明各县区畜牧生产系统的生产力水平差异较大,单位农田面积动物主产品的氮素携出量>13 kg·hm^(-2)的分布在区域北部朔州市的山阴、怀仁、大同等县区,表明这些县区畜牧生产系统中的氮素利用率较高;单位耕地面积畜禽粪尿氮素负荷较高(>50 kg·hm^(-2))的县区主要分布在区域北部;农牧生产系统氮素损失的空间分布格局明显:一级区(>200 kg·hm^(-2))分布在区域北部,二级区(12【Objective】The objective of this study is to explore the characteristics of nitrogen（N） flow of crop-livestock systems and its environmental effects on farming-pastoral transition zone in northwestern Shanxi Province, further to give scientific suggestions on the nutrient management and to speed up the adjustment progress of industrial structure in farming-pastoral transition zone in Shanxi Province.【Method】A systematic and quantitative analysis on the nutrient balance, nutrient losses of crop-livestock production in farming-pastoral transition zone（42 counties in total, mainly involving Datong, Shuozhou, Xinzhou, Lüliang, Linfen and Taiyuan） in Shanxi Province was reported using a coupled NUFER model（nutrient flows in food chains, environment and resources use） with GIS after collecting and sorting of data from statistical yearbooks data, literature, and field investigation.【Result】In different counties, the N fertilizer application showed a great disparity, ranging from 6.7 to 253 kg·hm-2, which means a 38 times difference between the maxima and the minima. The N input structure of different counties also varied, due to the different N application habits and cropping systems. Crop N uptake ranged from 19.11 to 96.75 kg·hm-2, and the high amounts of crop N uptake were found in North and South regions, and low values in the middle regions. Crop N surplus ranged from-16 to 202 kg·hm-2, showing a coexistence of N sufficient and N surplus. There was a great difference in external N input by feed in livestock production system in the zone. In Shanyin County of Shuozhou City, the external N input by feed reached up to 9 400 t, whereas in Wuzhai of Xinzhou City and Xixian, Daning and Puxian of Linfen City, the demand of feed by livestock production system was met by local cropping system. This shows a great variation in the livestock production scale and farming-pastoral industrial structure among those counties. N uptake of animal main product per unit area of farming land was 1.51-27.50 kg

关 键 词：农牧交错带 NUFER模型 农牧生产系统 氮流动 环境效应 山西省 

分 类 号：S181[农业科学—农业基础科学]