塔里木河下游生态调水的水文生态响应研究  

Effects of Artificial Water Diversion on Hydrological and Ecological Environment in the Lower Tarim River, NW China

作　　者：塔依尔江·艾山 玉米提·哈力克 Bernd Cyffka Martin Kuba 阿布都拉·阿不力孜 阿丽亚·拜都热拉 

出　　处：《新疆大学学报（自然科学维文版）》2017年第2期49-63,共15页JOURNAL OF XINJIANG UNIVERSITY

摘　　要：在过去20年中，塔里木河下游应急生态输水对下游脆弱生态系统的影响评估己成为研究热点。本文简介了塔里木河下游的生态环境状况，讨论了塔里木河下游应急生态输水工程中取得的成果。利用塔里木河下游三个典型断面（英苏、喀尔达依、阿拉干）长期野外观测数据（地下水数据，河岸林生态形态学参数，高分辨率遥感数据），通过大量文献查阅，分析了输水工程成效并讨论了生态输水恢复的局限性。结果表明，从2000年5月输水以来，年平均地下水埋深抬升明显。第二次输水后，在英苏断面离河道距离300m处的地下水埋深从1997年的9．4m有效抬升到了2001年的4．28m。除了离河道距离150m的范围之外，研究区大部分区域地下水埋深仍低于5m。除了柽柳以外，绝大多数植物会面临水分胁迫。胡杨平均冠幅和树冠疏失度由距离河道不同而表现出不同程度的差异。在离河道200m的范围，胡杨整体恢复效果显著。在生态输水作用下形成的胡杨幼苗林，萌生枝和根蘖空间分布格局呈现随离河道距离增加而急剧减少的趋势。向塔里木河下游实施的12次输水工程对河岸林植被恢复有显著成效，但对离河道距离较远的植被恢复有一定的局限性。During the past twelve years, the assessment of hydro-ecological response of degraded floodplain ecosystems to the emergent water diversion practices in the lower reaches of the Tarim River has become a key research topic. This paper presents the current ecological conditions and analyzes what the water diversion has achieved. The limitations of this floodplain restoration program are discussed, based on the review of literature and long term field work data （groundwater data, eco-morphological parameters of riparian forests, Quick Bird remote sensing data） collected from three transects （Yingsu, Karday, Arghan）. The results show that annual average groundwater depth responded to a certain degree after water diversion since May 2000. After a second water diversion, groundwater depth within 300 m distance from the river channel recovered significantly from 9.4 m in 1997 to 4.28 m in 2001 at Yingsu. With the exception of relatively favorable groundwater depth for floodplain forests within 150 m distance from the riverbed, groundwater depth at larger distances remained far below 5 m, and most forest plants excluding Tamarix sp. will suffer from water scarcity. The average crown loss （CL） and crown diameter （CD） of Populus euphratica trees in different distances from the riverbed have shown various degrees of responses. The effects of recovery were notable within 200 m distance to the riverbed. Distribution patterns of young seedlings, new shoots and root suckers of P. euphratica generated by water diversion also demonstrated that most were distributed close to the riverbed and reduced sharply with increasing distance. Twelve water diverting actions in the lower reaches of the Tarim River have made significant achievements in forest recovery near the riverbed, but had limited positive effects on more distant floodplain sites.

关 键 词：塔里木河 调水工程 地下水位 胡杨林 

分 类 号：X171.4[环境科学与工程—环境科学]