敦煌西土沟遗址冶金遗物研究  

Research of the Metallurgical Remains in the Xitugou Site at Dunhuang

作　　者：李延祥[1] 陈国科[1,2] 潜伟[1] 陈建立[3] 王辉[2] LI Yanxiang;CHEN Guoke;QIAN Wei;CHEN Jianli;WANG Hui(Institute for the History of Metallurgy and Materials, Beijing University of Science and Technology, Beijing 10OO83;Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relic and Archaeology, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030;School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871)

机构地区：[1]北京科技大学冶金与材料史研究所,北京100083 [2]甘肃省文物考古研究所,甘肃兰州730030 [3]北京大学考古文博学院,北京100871

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2018年第2期131-140,共10页Dunhuang Research

基　　金：国家文物局项目"黑水河流域早期冶铜技术研究";国家文物局边疆考古项目"河西走廊早期冶金遗址调查与研究";国家自然科学基金项目"中原及北方地区早期冶金技术"(51174034);中华文明探源工程项目"中华文明形成过程中的资源;技术与生业研究"

摘　　要：对甘肃敦煌西土沟遗址7个地点的18个炉渣、9个矿石、27个金属颗粒共计54个样品进行了扫描电镜观测。认定大部分炉渣是氧化矿石直接冶炼红铜的,少量炉渣是冶炼含砷合金的;仅检测到含有少量硫化矿物的铜氧化矿石和绿松石;金属颗粒则具有红铜、砷铜、锡铜、锑铜(砷)、铅锡铜、锡铅铜(砷)、锡铅(铜)等多种成分组合。在一个炉渣样品中发现有砷酸钙,在一个金属颗粒中发现有砷氧化物。金属颗粒多次发现有银、铋、锑及锡氧化物。基于上述发现,对西土沟遗址的冶炼技术进行了推断,认为该遗址主要使用铜氧化矿石冶炼红铜,再配以含砷、锡等合金元素的矿料进一步冶炼获得各种合金。在第2地点与炉渣共出的木炭的碳十四年代测定结果为3470±35BP,Ox Cal v3.10校正为1890—1690BC(95.4%)。54 samples of 18 slags, 9 ores, and 27 metal prills from an area of the Xitugou Site at Dunhuang in Gansu Province were analyzed by SEM-EDS. Most of the slags were produced from the smelting of pure oxidized copper minerals while a few are from the smelting of alloys containing arsenic; small amounts of pure oxidized copper and turquoise were found. The metal prills proved to be of various chemical compositions including Cu, Cu-As, Cu-Sn, Cu-Pb-Sn, Sn-Pb and more; Ag, Bi, Sb, Pb and Sn O2 were found widely in many ofthe prills. Calcium arsenite was found in one slag sample and arsenic trioxide was found in one prill. The analysis results indicate that the site once utilized a process to first smelt pure oxidized copper ore into copper and then add minerals containing elements such as arsenic and tin to produce alloys. One carbon sample unearthed together with slags in area 2 of the site has been dated to 1890—1690 BC（BP 3470 ±35 by AMS within 95.4%probability by Ox Cal v3.10）.

关 键 词：西土沟遗址 炉渣 冶金考古 矿石 青铜 

分 类 号：K854.2[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]