刑事扣押的“相当理由”证明标准及其规制路径  

The proof standard of “probable cause” applied in criminal seizure and its regulation

作　　者：谭秀云 Tan Xiuyun(Northwest University of Political Science and Law, Xi ＇an 710122.)

机构地区：[1]西北政法大学公安学院,西安710122

出　　处：《证据科学》2018年第2期186-196,共11页Evidence Science

基　　金：国家社科基金2014年度青年项目"审美共通感的公共哲学意义研究"(14CZX054)

摘　　要：刑事扣押证明标准的相当理由是,根据当时的事实和条件,"合理注意程度之人"有足够的理由相信在某些特定的地方存有扣押物。相当理由的证明标准一则不能过低,二则要求客观无怀疑,三则需要赋予层次分别。这些并非"可用以证明犯罪嫌疑人有罪或无罪"的标准所能笼统规制。从量化的角度而言,"相当理由""合理怀疑"等自由心证证明标准的量化,是对主观理性的规范,这无疑为证明标准的层次性奠定基础。从质性规范而言,加强刑事扣押证中扣押理由的说理,侦查人员运用法律概念和法律关系理论,使用形式逻辑和理性论辩等方法,对扣押理由论证说理;界定刑事扣押证中扣押的客体范围,将其规定为"可为证据之物"与"应当没收之物",进而明确记载扣押物。"相当理由"的量化和扣押证的质性规范相辅相成,共同推进"相当理由"证明标准的规制。The proof standard of ＂probable cause＂ applied in criminal seizure is that, given all the facts and conditions at that time, ＂a reasonable and prudent man＂ has sufficient reason to believe that evidence of a crime will be seized in a particular place. The proof standard of ＂probable cause＂ should be（a） not too low,（b） objective and with no doubt, and（c） assigned to different levels. The proof standard of ＂probable cause＂ cannot be generally defined as a warrant should be issued so long as such evidence ＂can be used to prove guilty or innocent of the suspect＂. From the quantitative perspective, the standard of ＂probable cause＂, ＂reasonable doubt＂, and etc., which represents the proof standard quantification in a system that stresses the free evaluation of evidence, regulates subjective rationality. Such quantification undoubtedly lays the foundation for the gradation of the proof standard. In terms of qualitative regulation, the reasoning that justifies the issuance of a criminal seizure warrant needs to be strengthened. Investigators should rely on legal concepts and legal relation theory, and formal logic and rational argumentation to justify the seizure. The object scope of criminal seizure needs to be defined. The criminal seizure object can be defined as ＂items that may be evidence＂ and ＂items that should be seized＂, and in accordance the seized items could be clearly recorded in a seizure warrant. The quantification of ＂probable cause＂ and the qualitative stipulation of the seizure object of a seizure warrant are inseparably interconnected and work together to promote the regulation of the proof standard of ＂probable cause＂.

关 键 词：刑事扣押 相当理由 证明标准的量化 扣押证 扣押理由 扣押范围 

分 类 号：D915.13[政治法律—诉讼法学]