中国马铃薯化肥农药减施的现状与挑战  

Current status and challenges for potato chemical fertilizer & pesticide reductions in China

作　　者：仲乃琴[1,2] 刘宁 赵盼[1] 蔡冬清[3] 宋双伟[1,4] 钞亚鹏 Naiqin Zhong;Ning Liu;Pan Zhao;Dongqing Cai;Shuangwei Song;Yapeng Chao(State Key Laboratories of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Hefei Institutes of Physical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China;College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院微生物研究所植物基因组学国家重点实验室,北京100101 [2]宁夏大学农学院,银川750021 [3]中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院,合肥230031 [4]云南农业大学植物保护学院,昆明650201

出　　处：《科学通报》2018年第17期1693-1702,共10页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：中国科学院科技服务网络计划(STS计划)重点项目(KFJ-STS-ZDTP-027,KFJ-FP-23); 国家自然科学基金(31772109,31601622)资助

摘　　要：马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)在维系我国粮食安全过程中起着至关重要的作用,然而当前生产中过度依赖化学肥料和农药,不仅导致资源浪费和生产成本增加,而且引发耕地肥力下降、土壤生态退化、农田面源污染、肥药残留超标等严重的生态环境和食品安全问题,致使马铃薯产业的可持续发展受到限制.针对我国马铃薯种植中化肥农药使用的现状,本文详细剖析了肥药使用过量、利用率低下的原因,介绍了国内外减施增效技术的研究进展和发展趋势,并借鉴先进国家的有益经验,提出了加快制定肥药限量国家标准、研发肥料农药高效利用及替代技术、研制智能精准控施机械以及开展区域性技术集成研究等具体应对策略和产业发展建议.Under the pressures from growing population,arable land diminishment,yield limitation of major grain crops,global climatic change,etc,there is a latent crisis in Chinese food security.Potato,as the fourth major crop,plays a vital role in alleviating food problem considering its great nutritive value,high yield and adaptability.Chemical fertilizers and pesticides（CFPs）are implicated in ensuring stable and high yields of potato.Therefore,CFPs were intensively used for boosting up the yield;however,the use intensity of CFPs exceeds the international recognized standard,resulting in negative impacts on environment quality,agri-ecosystem,land productivity and tuber production cost.Consequently,those obstacles mentioned above jeopardized the sustainability of potato industry.In order to solve the dilemma,this article focuses on the analysis of the major reasons for abuse of CFPs,and further identified that the excessive consumption could be attributed to high application intensity,low utilization efficiency and lack of scientific application methods.Furthermore,this article introduces the technological advances and future trends in chemical fertilizer and pesticide reductions（CFPR）of developed countries.Based on the successful CFPR experiences abroad,the article also provides some development strategies for Chinese potato CFPR.（1）Promote legislation curbing application rate of potato CFPs.Several research projects were initiated to investigate the scientific standard of application amount for CFPs.Once the scientific standards were set,they could be gradually legislated into agricultural laws to stipulate the use of CFPs nationwide.（2）Promote the innovation on high-efficient application technology and encourage the use of green alternatives to chemical controls.Efforts on scientific research and education should be strengthen to speed up the innovation/application of advanced CFPR techniques.In addition,recognized reduction techniques abroad could be transferred to improve our application practices in p

关 键 词：马铃薯 化肥农药减施增效 化肥农药利用率 

分 类 号：S435.32[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治] S532[农业科学—植物保护]