不同材料包膜氮肥氮素挥发特征及对油菜产量的影响  

Nitrogen Volatilization Characteristics of Different Materials Coated Nitrogen Fertilizer and Its Effect on Rape Yield

作　　者：蒋一飞[1] 张砚铭[1] 杨明 虞娜[1] 张玉玲[1] 邹洪涛[1] 张玉龙[1] JIANG Yifei;ZHANG YanMing;YANG Ming;YU No;ZHANG YuLing;ZOU HongTao;ZHANG YuLong(College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University~Soil Resources Use Efficiency of National Engineering Laboratory, Shenyang 110866)

机构地区：[1]沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院/土肥资源高效利用国家工程实验室,沈阳110866

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2018年第12期2348-2356,共9页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31572206);国家科技支撑项目(2015BAD23B0203);辽宁省"百千万人才工程"

摘　　要：【目的】施用包膜缓/控释肥料是减少氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率的重要途径之一。新型有机-无机复合包膜氮肥具有缓释性能好、环境友好等优点。研究不同有机-无机复合包膜氮肥的气态氮损失特征,可为新型包膜缓/控释肥料的研发与应用提供科学依据。【方法】本研究以改性聚乙烯醇分别与无机材料硅藻土、沸石粉、生物质炭、磷矿粉、硫磺进行混合作为包膜材料制备包膜尿素(分别记作Ag、Af、Ac、Ap、As肥料),采用室内培养方法,以普通尿素为对照(CK),通过测定60 d内土壤的氨挥发速率和氮氧化物排放速率,揭示不同膜材料包膜氮肥施入土壤后的氨挥发和氮氧化物排放特征。并设计盆栽试验,研究施用不同包膜氮肥对油菜生长和产量影响。【结果】施肥后土壤氨挥发从培养的第1天开始出现,且不同包膜氮肥的氨挥发速率均在培养的第3—10天达到最大值,CK、Ag、Af、Ac、Ap和As肥料的最大氨挥发速率分别为1.132、0.373、0.508、0.696、0.347和0.304mg·L^(-1)·d^(-1),各包膜肥料氨挥发峰值的出现时间迟于普通尿素,说明包膜肥料的包裹层可以有效地阻碍外界水分同其内部的尿素核心相接触,使尿素溶解时间延长,减缓尿素溶出速率。氨挥发速率呈现先快后趋于平稳的趋势。CK、Ag、Af、Ac、Ap和As肥料的氨挥发总量分别为104.0、88.2、93.4、95.6、81.9和79.4 mg,Ag、Af、Ac、Ap和As肥料氨挥发总量较普通尿素CK分别降低了15%、10%、8%、21%和23%。包膜肥料的氮氧化物排放特征与氨挥发相似,氮氧化物排放速率峰值与氨挥发相比明显后移。排放高峰期出现在第6—23天,CK、Ag、Af、Ac、Ap和As肥料的氮氧化物排放速率峰值分别为0.092、0.033、0.039、0.051、0.027和0.022 mg·L^(-1)·d^(-1),其氮氧化物排放总量分别为15.8、11.1、12.4、13.2、10.3和8.5 mg,包膜肥处理氮氧化物排放总量均低于普通尿素处理�【Objective】The application of coated slow/controlled release fertilizer is an important method for reducing nitrogen loss and increasing nitrogen use efficiency. A new type of organic-inorganic materials coated fertilizer has advantages of excellent release performance and environmentally friendly, etc. Studies on nitrogen volatilization characteristics of organic-inorganic materials coated fertilizer could provide scientific basis for the development and application of coated slow/controlled release fertilizers. 【Method】 In our study, the coated fertilizers were prepared by encapsulating urea granules with blend films of modified polyvinyl alcohol（PVA） and inorganic material including diatomaceous earth（Ag）,zeolite powder（Af）, biochar（Ac）, phosphate rock（Ap） and sulfur（As）. A laboratory culture experiment was conducted to demonstrate the characteristics of ammonia volatilization and nitrogen oxide emissions from soil treated with various coated fertilizers through determining soil ammonia volatilization rate and nitrogen oxides emission rate in 60 days. A pot culture experiment was also carried out to study the effects of different coated fertilizer applications on growth and yield of rape.【Result】Ammonia volatilization began at the first day of incubation after fertilizer incorporating into soil. Moreover, Ammonia volatilization rate for different treatments reached maximum values within 10 days after incubation. The peak values for CK, Ag, Af, Ac, Ap and As were 1.132 mg·L^-1·d^-1, 0.373 mg·L^-1·d^-1, 0.508 mg·L^-1·d^-1, 0.696 mg·L^-1·d^-1, 0.347 mg·L^-1·d^-1, 0.304 mg·L^-1·d^-1, respectively. The peak values of soil ammonia volatilization treated with coated fertilizers appeared later than urea treatment, indicated that the blend film encapsulated urea granules could prolong urea dissolved time and subsequently slow urea dissolution rate through effectively preventing the external which could effectively prevent the external water from contacting urea. Generally

关 键 词：包膜肥 氨挥发 氮氧化物排放 油菜产量 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]