康德在柏拉图之后如何论艺术与真  

Kant on Art and Truth after Plato

作　　者：汤姆·洛克莫尔 李梦楠[2] 常旭旻[2] Tom Rockmore;Li Mengnan(McAnulty College,Duquesne University;Huaqiao University)

机构地区：[1]美国杜肯大学麦克纳迪学院 [2]华侨大学哲学与社会发展学院

出　　处：《中文论坛》2017年第1期246-261,共16页Forum of Chinese Language and Literature

摘　　要：康德的美学理论为西方美学中长期存在的艺术与真理的关系问题提供了一个有趣的视角。这个问题在西方传统中至少可以回溯到柏拉图。根据柏拉图,不但艺术必定不能把握真,而且真只能被可以通过一种字面意义上＂观照到＂真实的哲学家来把握。基于其认识论基础,柏拉图说要把不能认识到真实的艺术家从理想国驱逐出去。柏拉图以各种方式否定了艺术,如果说还有一点不同的话,至少他还承认普通的、非哲学的艺术能够摹仿真实,这个观点后来贯穿于整个美学传统之中。从其第一批判当中标准的知识视角出发,康德并不认为对于艺术对象能够产生认识的可能性,而黑格尔从康德的哥白尼革命出发,发现对于主体亦是如此。所谓哥白尼洞见的核心就是,我们只能够认识到那些我们＂建构＂出来的东西,这也表明知识需要一种主体与对象之间、认知者与被认知者之间、主体性与对象性之间的同一性。就此而论,黑格尔又不是一个康德主义者。他在康德哥白尼洞见的基础上,同时也开拓了康德忽视了的一种康德主义的概念资源,进而提出了艺术与真之间关系的一种有趣观念。黑格尔赞同康德与柏拉图,认为艺术不能认识到独立于心灵之外的对象,但是他又进一步指出,既然我们能够将自身＂具体化＂,也就意味着我们在建构所有艺术对象之时所做的都是在获取一种不同种类的知识,也即关于我们自身的知识。概而言之,我认为我们可以找到一种方法来重提康德所确信的＂判断力更为重要,因为它是实践的＂这一说法。Kant＇s theory of aesthetics provides an interesting viewof the perennial Western aesthetic problem of the relation of art and truth. This problem goes back in the Western tradition at least to Plato. According to Plato,art must but cannot grasp the truth,which can only be grasped by the philosopher who can literally ＂see＂the real. On this epistemological grounds,he says we should banish the artist,who cannot cognize the real,from the city-state. In different ways,Plato＇s denial that art,or,if there is a difference,at least ordinary,nonphilosophical art can successfully imitate the real runs throughout the entire aesthetic tradition.Kant,from the perspective of his normative viewof knowledge in the first Critique,does not see the possibility of knowledge as concerns art objects,which Hegel,who takes into account Kant＇ s Copernican revolution,detects with respect to subjects. The central core of the Copernican insight,that we only knowwhat we in some sense ＂construct,＂suggests that knowledge requires an identity between subject and object,knower and known,subjectivity and objectivity. In this respect,Hegel,for instance,is not only a Kantian. He brings out,on the basis of Kant＇ s Copernican insight,hence in exploiting a Kantian conceptual resource Kant overlooks,an interesting idea about the relation of art and truth. Hegel agrees with Kant and Plato that art cannot knowthe mind-independent object,but further points out that,since we ＂concretize＂ourselves so to speak in what we do,in constructing art objects of all kinds we gain a different kind of knowledge,knowledge about ourselves. To conclude,I would like to suggest that we find here a way to redeem Kant＇s conviction that ＂Urtheilskraft ist wichtiger,weil sie praktisch ist. ＂

关 键 词：艺术 真 柏拉图 康德 解释 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学]