生态学实验真实性的追求——以有效性、准确性、精确性的考量为基础  

The pursuit of the authenticity of ecological experiments——Based on validity, accuracy, and precision considerations

作　　者：肖显静 XIAO Xianjing(Institute of Philosophy,School of Public Administration,South China Normal University,Guangzhou 510006,China)

机构地区：[1]华南师范大学公共管理学院哲学研究所

出　　处：《科技导报》2018年第18期81-88,共8页Science & Technology Review

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(16ZDA112);教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目(13YJA720019)

摘　　要：在传统科学实验中,较高的有效性、准确性、精确性与较高的真实性相对应。但在生态学实验中,情况有所不同,只有保证有效性,才能获得真实性。鉴此,应该努力保证实验过程中＂测量的概念＂涵盖,但不与来自＂研究的概念＂或＂想象的概念＂重叠,在确立生态学实验有效性的过程中测量真实事物。准确性与真实性相对应,但在生态学实验中,＂真实＂的参考值很难获取,甚至获取了也可能不太可靠,由此,提高仪器的技术性能,改进实验的操作流程,采取其他的方法如＂空白值＂试验,提高准确性以努力获得准确的结果,或者依赖相关的理论和经验分析,来定性地判断该生态学测量实验数据是否准确或者在多大程度上准确,就是必须的了。精确性与可靠性正相关,在生态学实验过程中,应该增加精确性,以保证可靠性,否则,即使获得了真实的实验结果,也可能因此精确性（可靠性）差而不被相信并不被接受;而且,一般地,对于不同类型的生态学实验,从数学模型,到数字的有机体,再到人工生命系统（宇宙实验）,最后到不受干扰或处理的自然系统,复杂性越来越大,精确性越来越小,真实性越来越差,据此,必须针对具体的研究案例,选择恰当的实验类型,权衡实验的精确性和真实性。In traditional scientific experiments, validity, accuracy, and precision correspond to authenticity. However, in ecological experiment the situation is quite different and only by ensuring validity can we obtain authenticity. In light of this, we should strive to ensure that the ＂concept of measurement＂ is covered but not overlapped with the ＂concept of research＂ or ＂concept of imaginary ＂ in the experimental process, and measuring real things in the process of establishing the validity of ecological experiments. Accuracy corresponds to authenticity, however, in ecological experiments, the ＂true＂ reference value is difficult to obtain. Even the acquisition may not be reliable, thus improving technical performance of the instrument, improving the operating flow of experiment, and adopting other methods such as ＂blank value＂ test are required. It is necessary to improve accuraey in an effort to obtain accurate results, or qualitatively determine whether or to what extent the experimental data in the ecological measurement are accurate, according to the relevant theoretical and empirical analysis. Precision is positively related to reliability. In ecological experiment, precision should be increased to guarantee reliability, otherwise, even if the true experimental result is obtained, it may not be believed due to poor precision （reliability）. Generally, for different types of ecological experiments, from mathematical models to digital organisms to artificial life systems （cosmological experiments） and finally to the natural system that is not disturbed or processed, the complexity is increasing, the precision is decreasing and the authenticity is getting worse. Therefore, we must select the appropriate type of experiment and weigh the precision and authenticity of the experiment with case study.

关 键 词：生态学实验 真实性 有效性 准确性 精确性 

分 类 号：Q14-4[生物学—生态学] G642.4[生物学—普通生物学]