从形式转喻看离合词分开使用的句法性质  

Syntactic Features of Separable Words Used in Separation: From a Perspective of Formal Metonymy

作　　者：袁毓林[1] YUAN Yulin(Department of Chinese Language and Literature/ Center for Chinese Linguistics/ Ministry of Edueation Key Laboratory of Computational Linguisties,Peking University,5 Yiheyuan Road,Haidian District,Beijing 100871)

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系/中国语言学研究中心/计算语言学教育部重点实验室,北京市海淀区100871

出　　处：《当代语言学》2018年第4期587-604,共18页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大研究项目“汉语意合语法框架下的词汇语义知识表示及其计算系统研究”(18JJD740003);国家重点基础研究计划(973计划)项目课题“语言认知的神经机制”(2014CB340502)的资助,谨此致以诚挚的谢意.

摘　　要：本文尝试从形式转喻的角度,讨论汉语离合词为什么能"离开"使用、分开使用的句法性质是什么等问题。首先简介汉语句法平面上的形式转喻及其语法效应,然后述评几种离合词分析的生成语法方案,特别指出潘海华、叶狂(2015)把离合词看作是双音节不及物动词带其他成分时形成的同源宾语结构的假设缺乏事实基础,因为不及物的离合动词不能带同源宾语,及物的离合动词可以带客体宾语。接着,本文基于认知转喻理论,假设离合结构是借用离合词作为粘合式述宾短语,再进行扩展和易位而形成的;其中,离合词是喻体、粘合式述宾短语是本体,替代粘合式述宾短语的离合词是基础形式,经过各种扩展和易位形成的离合结构是推导形式。最后,文章提倡采用多元论的研究策略来揭示语法的本来面貌。An attempt is made in this paper to explore why Chinese separable words can be used in a＇ divorce＇ manner and, accordingly, how they are syntactically featured. First, the concept of formal metonymy and its grammatical consequences are introduced at the Chinese syntactic level. Secondly, a couple of solutions developed in generative grammar to the analysis of separable words are reviewed. Among these is Pan and Ye （ 2015）, who regard separable words as disyllabic intransitive verbs and hypothesize that a cognate object construction is produced as they are followed by other constituents. It is pointed out, however, that the actual language use undermines this hypothesis, since intransitive separable words cannot take cognate objects, whereas transitive separable words can take accusative objects. Thirdly, on the basis of a theory of cognitive metonymy, this paper hypothesizes that a bound verb-object phrase lends force to a separable word, which is in turn extended and transformed into a separable construction. Among these, the separable word is the vehicle and the bound verb-object phrase is the tenor; the former is the base form, since it is used to substitute for the latter; the separable construction eventually produced after various extensions and transformations is the derived form. Finally, the use of a multi-theoretical research strategy is advocated to reveal the actual landscape of grammar.

关 键 词：形式转喻 离合词 同源宾语 客体宾语 喻体 本体 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]