陆地与海洋——“空间革命”与世界历史的“麦金德时代”  

Land and Sea:Spatial Revolution and the Mackinder Age of World History

作　　者：强世功[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《开放时代》2018年第6期103-126,共24页Open Times

摘　　要：麦金德的政治地理学通过全球陆地与海洋关系的变迁考察人类历史发展的演变,从而打破了欧洲中心主义的历史观,建立起全球历史的宏观视野。他从"空间革命"的角度来考察地理对人类历史的影响,将世界历史划分为三个时代:欧亚大陆主导的亚洲时代、地理大发现以来海洋世界主导的欧洲时代,以及1900年之后大陆强国与海洋强国争夺世界统治权的新时代。这个新时代可以被称为"麦金德时代":一方面,1900年之后人类历史无论以何种面目展现出来,在地缘政治上始终是大陆力量与海洋力量争夺全球统治权的时代,至今没有走出"麦金德时代";另一方面,麦金德之后地缘政治学始终未能突破他的基本理论范式。中国崛起不仅要具有普遍主义的政治哲学思考,而且要有全球地缘政治意识,思考地缘政治战略之"术",以及地理与人类历史的内在关联,探寻人类历史发展变化之"道"。Mackinder's political-geographic theory examines the evolution of human history through the global changes of the land-ocean interaction,thus breaking down the Europe-centrist view of history and establishing in its place a macroscopic view of global history. From the perspective of"spatial revolution",he examines the influence of geography on human history and divides the world history into three eras:the Asian era dominated by Eurasia,the European era dominated by the marine world since the discovery of new world,and the new era after 1900 in which the land powers and the maritime powers compete for the world empire. This new era can be called the"Mackinder era". On the one hand,after 1900,human history,whatever its manifestation,has always been a geopolitical era in which the land powers and the maritime powers compete for global dominance,and today the world is still in this"Mackinder era". On the other hand,after Mackinder,geopolitics has not broken through his basic theoretical paradigm. The rise of China calls for not only universal thinking of political philosophy,but also global geopolitical awareness. We must not only think about geopolitical strategies,but also the intrinsic connection between geography and human history in which may lie the fundamental principle of human historical development.

关 键 词：地缘政治 全球史 空间革命 麦金德时代 

分 类 号：K901.4[历史地理—人文地理学]