动物考古研究范式的思考  

Reflection on the Research Paradigm of Zooarchaeology

作　　者：汤卓炜 张萌[2] 

机构地区：[1]吉林大学考古学院边疆考古研究中心暨吉林大学东北亚生物演化与环境教育部重点实验室,长春130012 [2]美国新墨西哥大学人类学系,美国阿尔伯克基87131

出　　处：《吉林大学社会科学学报》2018年第6期171-183,共13页Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家哲学社会科学基金重大项目(15ZDB055)

摘　　要：动物考古学属于以考古遗址出土动物遗存为主要研究对象的"骨骼考古学"的一部分,是动物学服务于考古学过程中形成的边缘学科,以揭示古代人们食物选择、狩猎行为、家畜家禽饲养模式等经济、文化生活概况及古代生态环境特征为基本目标。传统动物考古研究范式更多地侧重于动物遗存本身所能揭示的中程理论层次的古代环境和社会经济基础信息,多数不在更高层次上探究有关社会复杂化、文明进程、社会演化阶段划分等考古学问题。研究实践表明,在研究动物遗存本身的同时还要考虑诸如推理方式和推理过程的逻辑严谨性和科学严肃性、研究所依赖的理论水平与层次、动物资源获取的文化遗存组合特征、动物地理和动物生态信息的真实性和完整性、动物资源利用模式的时空变化规律与考古学文化区系类型之间的内在联系、社会因素对生存对策取向的影响、传统方法与高科技研究在考古学问题解释过程的有机结合、属种鉴定数据库标准建立的统计学基础坚实性、后过程考古背景下动物考古研究的局限性等等问题。系统论指导下的综合性动物考古研究,将从研究范式的角度完善动物考古学科体系,提高动物考古研究的认知水平。Zooarchaeology is a component part of osteoarchaeology,with animal remains unearthed from archaeological sites as its main objects of study. This interdisciplinary subject has been formed in the process when zoology serves archaeology with the basic goal of revealing the general situation in economics,cultural life and characteristics of ancient environment by analyzing food preference,hunting behaviors and model of livestock breeding. Traditional paradigm of zooarchaeology placed emphasis on uncovering the information about ancient environment and socioeconomic based on animal remains themselves at the level of middle-range theory,most of which didn't involve higher level archaeological issues on investigating social complexity,civilization progress and division of stages of social evolution,etc. The research shows that we should consider many aspects while studying animal remains including logical rigor and the seriousness of science about reasoning model and process,theoretical level for the study,combining features of cultural relics for getting animal resources,the integrity and comprehensiveness of information about zoogeography and animal ecology,the internal relations between spatial and temporal transformation lawof utilization model of animal resources and cultural regional typology,the influence of social factors on tropism of survivable strategy,dynamic integration of traditional methods and advanced technology in the interpretation of archaeological questions. More considerations should be made on solid foundations of statistics in standardizing the database for identifying genus and species,limitations of zooarchaeology under the background of Post-Processual Archaeology and so on. Under the guidance of system theory,the synthetic zooarchaeological researches will improve the disciplinary system of zooarchaeology and strengthen the cognitive level of zooarchaeological researches from the view point of paradigm.

关 键 词：动物考古 考古学研究范式 环境考古学 

分 类 号：Q91[天文地球—古生物学与地层学]