国家“救市”与货币转型——明中叶国家货币制度领域与民间市场上的白银替代  

National “Market Rescue” and Monetary Transformation: The Replacement in the Area of National Monetary System and the Private Market by Silver during the Middle Ming Dynasty

作　　者：邱永志[1] Qiu Yongzhi

机构地区：[1]江西财经大学经济学院,新型城镇化与农业现代化协同发展研究中心

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2018年第6期19-40,共22页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目"元明变革视野下的明代货币转型研究"(批准号:17CZS019)阶段性成果之一

摘　　要：在海外白银大量流入中国前,称量银已在明中叶的中国社会渐成广泛流通之势,这首先应归因于国家货币制度和祖例政策的接连失败,但其背后有着显见的市场机制。正统中后期,在经历了之前政府的大力救钞举措后,宝钞在低值层面稍有起色,但正景之际的政治变乱严重冲击了宝钞体制。与此同时,铜钱与实物货币实际并主要支撑着基层的市场交易。然而,明廷囿于祖宗成例依然限制并打压铜钱,国家认可的制度性货币逐步陷于真空状态。随着商业的恢复和市场的拓展,长期通货紧缩的局面无法避免。面对市场上通货不足的局面,国家与市场俱做出了反应。国家"救市"的做法为:先解禁铜钱,而后整顿钱钞法,禁止私铸,乃至不断重开铸局,却连连受挫。市场的反应则步步先于国家:民间挑拣私铸之风很早兴起,物价逐步抬升,继而私铸钱泛滥成灾、难以禁治。劣币竞择的格雷欣法则现象在景泰至嘉靖时期的中国社会达到了极致性的呈现。最终,源于民间的稳定通货白银因需求进入市场,形成"良币驱逐劣币"之势。行钱地区多出现"银进钱退"的现象,但并未完全替代铜钱;未行钱地区,白银及多种实物货币充斥。货币流通在地域上依然呈现分割化、细碎化等欠深度整合特点。In the middle period of the Ming Dynasty, due to the failure of national legal currency system and ancestor traditional policy, the tendency in the uncoined silver was adopted in Chinese society field before the influx of oversea silver. But nevertheless, it also because of the complicated market mechanism and systematic causes which hidden behind the trend. In the middle and late period of ZhengTong, even though the Ming BaoChao（notes） had made some progress in the low-value monetary level after the notes rescue plan with great efforts taken by the antecedent government, unfortunately, an unexpected Border Battles outbreak which has dealt the Ming notes a deeper blow. In the meanwhile, the copper coin and commodity money became the actual and fundamental money in the grass-roots market transaction, however, the institutional currency still fell into the conditions of vacuum gradually with the deliberate limitation and suppression of copper coin using by the government. Yet the condition of long-term deflation became an inevitable trend with the recovery of business and expansion of market throughout the whole society. Finally, both subsequent Ming governments and market itself made some relevant reactions to such situations above. The market responses with the rising of private cooper coinage and pick the money （tiaojian） which lead to the fluctuation of commodities price fiercely and the prevalence of counterfeiting, even unstoppable in the later time. And the national market rescue plan appears firstly set to lift the ban on copper coin, then reorganize the qianfa, finally the copper coinage was resumed but with a series of sufferings. ＂the Gresham＇s law＂ which presents to be a extremely existing phenomenon during the time of Jingtai and Jiajing period. The ultimate result is silver which had a high stable value came from folks flow into the market and made an interesting trend of the ＂Good money drives out Bad ones＂, which means the undervalued money was leave the primary transaction place o

关 键 词：宝钞 铜钱 白银 私钱 “银进钱退” 

分 类 号：F822[经济管理—财政学]