四时八风:风与中国古代民众的时间生活  

The Winds and Seasons: Wind and the Festivals of the Ancient Chinese People

作　　者：李传军[1] Li Chuanjun

机构地区：[1]青岛大学师范学院

出　　处：《中原文化研究》2017年第2期57-61,共5页The Central Plains Culture Research

摘　　要：考古发现的两版商代甲骨文刻辞有对"四方风"的记载,刻辞中对东西南北四方风与春夏秋冬四时祭祀的关系作了一一对应的解说,反映了商朝人对分至四季及其对应物候现象的认识,这是商朝人认识气候和制定历法的重要根据。传世文献中,《尚书·尧典》所记载的羲和观象和制历授时,也是以四方、四风与四季一一对应为基础的。后世的所谓的八方、八风与八节的说法,是对上述岁时观念的引申。在先秦时期,四方风已经与四季这一岁时观念密切相关,并成为农业时令的象征。同时,正是由于四方风对四季收获和农业生活存在着互为因果的重要影响,四时八风才成为象征季节的岁时刻度而为国家所重视,成为历法的制作基础,因而也成为中国古代民众社会生活的重要组成部分。Two editions of oracle inscriptions of Shang Dynasty(about1600-1046B.C.)from the archeologicaldiscoveries have recorded“Cardinal Winds”and correspondingly explained the relationships between Cardinal Windswhich blew from the east,the west,the south and the north and sacrifices in spring,summer,autumn and winter.The oracle inscriptions,which could reflect the understandings of people in Shang Dynasty toward the spring equinox,the summer solstice,the autumnal equinox and the winter solstice and their corresponding phonological phenomenon,are the important bases to make calendar.In extant literatures,The Book of Documents·Classics of Yao has recordedthat Xi He used the correspondent relations between Four Directions,Four Winds and Four Seasons,which extends tothe so called Eight Directions,Eight Winds and Eight Solar Terms,as base to observe the heavenly bodies to makecalendar.In the Pre-Qin Period,as the symbol of agricultural seasons,Cardinal Winds were closely related to FourSeasons.Meanwhile,Four Seasons and Eight Winds got attention by the country as the symbol of seasons,became thebase of calendar and played an important role in ancient Chinese social life because Cardinal Winds which blew fromthe east,the west,the south and the north had done good influence to the harvest and life of spring,summer,autumn and winter.

关 键 词：四风 四方 四季 岁时节令 

分 类 号：K2[历史地理—历史学] H121[历史地理—中国史]