科研工程领域师承关系研究——以中国“两弹一星”工程为例  

Study on the Mentoring Relationship in Scientific Research and Engineering: Taking “Two Bombs and One Satellite” Project as an Example

作　　者：张煌[1] 傅中力[1] Zhang Huang;Fu Zhongli(National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China)

机构地区：[1]国防科学技术大学军事高科技培训学院,长沙410073

出　　处：《工程研究（跨学科视野中的工程）》2017年第4期400-407,共8页JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING STUDIES

基　　金：湖南省教育科学"十三五"规划2016年度课题(XJK016QGD020);湖南省教育科学"十二五"规划2014年度课题(XJK014AGF001)

摘　　要：默顿学派的科学社会学家将师承关系定义为师傅和学徒之间的双向互动关系,具体体现为双向的选择关系、互动的导学关系以及平等的合作关系。20世纪中叶,小科学向大科学的演变,使得科学社会的范畴向大型科研工程拓展,科研工程领域的师承关系也随之出现。在中国,成名科学家与青年科研人员以"两弹一星"工程为平台,实现科研工程领域的师徒传承,较之传统科学社会的师承关系,"两弹一星"工程中的师承关系显现出截然不同的特征,以兴趣导向的双向选择关系转变为以任务导向的单向选择关系,以院校为载体的导学关系转变为以工程为载体的习学关系,基于小型学术共同体的合作关系转变为基于科层制度的团队协作关系。"两弹一星"工程领域的师承关系,开创了中国大科学工程教育的先河,孕育和发展了新中国科学社会的主导科学家群体,形成了"总工程师/总设计师"式的科学社会组织模式,从而在更深的层次上影响着新中国科学社会的发育和科学世代的繁衍。The Merton school sociologists of science define the mentoring relationship as the interaction between masters and apprentices,that is,bidirectional choices,interactive learning guide and equal partnership.In the middle of the twentieth century,small-scale science evolved into big science,leading the scientific social category extending to the large-scale research project and the relationship between teachers and students in research and engineering field coming forth.In China,famous scientists and young researchers performed in the“two bombs and one satellite”project as a platform,realizing the master-apprentice transmission in research and engineering.Compared with the traditional mentoring relationship in social science,master-apprentice relationship in“two bombs and one satellite”project shows different characteristics:the two-way interest-oriented choice relationship changed into one-way task-guided choice relationship,mentoring relationship that universities and colleges are their carrier changed into learning relationship that project is the carrier,and cooperation based on small academic communities changed into team collaboration based on bureaucratic system.Mentoring relationship in“two bombs and one satellite”engineering field is the beginning of China’s science and engineering education,birth and development of the leading scientist groups in new China Science Society,and the formation of the“chief engineering or chief designer”science society origination mode,thus affecting the new Chinese scientific social development and scientific generation reproduction in a deeper level.

关 键 词：师承关系 两弹一星 大科学 

分 类 号：G316[文化科学]