吴闽语云、匣母的读音和闽语全浊声母的清化  

The pronunciation of the Yun (云) and Xia (匣) initials in Wu and Min dialects and the devoicing of Middle Chinese voiced initials in Min dialects

作　　者：陶寰[1] TAO Huan

机构地区：[1]复旦大学中文系

出　　处：《中国语文》2018年第3期335-350,384,共17页Studies of the Chinese Language

摘　　要：闽语古全浊声母今音有读不送气清声母的,也有读送气清声母的,分化没有语音条件。这个问题历来颇多争议。本文拟从方言接触的角度提出一种新的假设:共同吴闽语时期经历了一次浊音清化,变成送气清声母。此后在北方汉语的影响之下,吴语重新产生了浊声母;而闽语只有部分字变成了浊声母,这部分字此后经历了第二次浊音清化,变成不送气清声母。论文从四个方面加以论证:一、现代吴闽语有许多共享的特征,是共同吴闽语的遗留。二、现代吴语残存有一些中古全浊声母读清声母的例子,主要是云匣母字,跟闽语对应严整,是共同吴闽语浊音清化的遗迹。如匣母:蟹、鲎、苋、黄、下、候、虹;云母:园、远、雄,等。三、现代方言中存在着"清音返浊"的例证——苍南蛮话。四、方言接触中有一类特殊的音变——他控音变,可以解释"清音返浊"这类所谓的"回头音变"。The Middle Chinese voiced initials in Min dialects have evolved into two types of voiceless initials:aspirated and unaspirated,with no phonetic conditions identified.This paper aims to deal with this controversial issue from the perspective of dialectal contact.A hypothesis is proposed to deal with this phenomenon:Middle Chinese voiced initials became voiceless aspirated after the first round of devoicing of voiced initials during proto-Wu-Min period.Later under the influence of Mandarin Chinese,voiced initials appeared again in Wu dialects,while in Min dialects voicing was limited to only certain words,which turned into voiceless unaspirated initials after the second round of devoicing.To support this interpretation,four arguments are offered:1)Modern Wu and Min dialects share many characteristics,serving as evidence supporting the existence of the proto-Wu-Min.2)Some Middle Chinese voiced initial characters(mostly with the Yun or Xia initials)are pronounced as voiceless in Wu dialects.These characters correspond to the readings in Min dialects strictly,and thus can be regarded as the remains of the devoicing in proto-Wu-Min,e.g.the Xia initial characters i 51,xou 51,ian 51,xua 35,ia 51,xou 51,xu 35 and the Yun initial characters yan 35,yan 214,iu 35.3)Modern dialects show evidence of voiceless initials turning back into voiced counterparts,as in the case of Manhua in Cangnan,Zhejiang province.4)The direction of the sound change may be determined by the dominant dialect through dialect contact.This could explain the so-called“turn-back”sound change,such as voiceless initials turning back into voiced counterparts.

关 键 词：闽语 全浊声母 清化 云匣母 共同吴闽语 方言接触 他控音变 

分 类 号：H17[语言文字—汉语]