体育专门训练对无意视盲的影响:定向越野运动员与普通群体的对比研究  

Effects of Sports Training on Inattentional Blindness:Comparative Study of Orienteering Athletes and College Students

作　　者：朱瑜[1,2] 许翀[3] 郭立亚[2] 王洪[4] ZHU Yu;XU Chong;GUO Liya;WANG Hong(Dept.of Education,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715,China;Key Lab of Physical fitness evaluation and Motor Functional Monitoring,School of PE,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715,China;Dept.of PE and National Defense Education,Chongqing Col.lege of Electronic Engineering,Chongqing 401331,China;Center for Teaching and Learning Development,Chongqing Normal Universi.ty,Chongqing 401331,China)

机构地区：[1]西南大学教育学部,重庆400715 [2]西南大学体育学院国家体育总局体质评价与运动机能监控重点实验室,重庆400715 [3]重庆电子工程职业学院体育与国防教育部,重庆401331 [4]重庆师范大学教师教学发展中心,重庆401331

出　　处：《天津体育学院学报》2017年第6期494-500,513,共8页Journal of Tianjin University of Sport

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(项目编号:17BTY090)

摘　　要：当注意力集中于视场的某一对象或事件时,可能无法觉察视场中的非预想性刺激,这一现象被称为无意视盲(Inattentional Blindness,IB)。采用IB的静态研究范式,通过设置不注意、注意分配和全注意3种注意试次条件,探讨经过长期体育专门训练的运动精英与普通群体在IB率方面的差异,旨在探讨体育训练对IB的影响。结果显示:(1)在不注意条件下,运动精英在高低2种工作记忆负荷的场景中,对于非预想性关键刺激(Critical Stimulus,CS)的IB率(未觉察CS率)均显著低于普通群体;(2)在注意分配条件下,高工作记忆负荷场景中,运动精英组和普通组对于意外刺激的IB率(未识别关键刺激CS)均显著低于低工作记忆负荷场景。研究实证了G.GREEN的4因素理论模型,即专业背景和长期体育运动训练可以降低运动精英在擅长领域中的IB率,进而改善个体视觉注意加工能力。同时,与N.LAVIE的负荷理论一致。研究显示,在有心理预期的注意分配条件下,增加工作记忆负荷会减少IB。Inattentional blindness(IB)is the striking failure to notice a fully visible but unexpected object when attention is otherwise engaged.In order to dis-cuss the effect of athletic training on IB,using the method of static research paradigm of intentional blindness,this article discussed the difference of the IB rate between orienteering athletes and college students in inattention condition,divided-attention condition and full-attention condition.The results were as fol-lows:1)on the condition of inattention,compared with the detection of unexpected stimulus in college students group,the detection of the unexpected stimulus in the athlete group was significantly higher both in high working memory(WM)load and low working memory load settings.2)in the condition of divided-atten-tion,compared with the low working memory load,the incidence of IB in both groups in high working memory load was significantly lower.Supporting Green’s Four Factors Model of IB,this article demonstrated that long-term sports training could improve IB in inattention condition.Moreover,in line with Lavie’s Load Theory which indicates that taxing the working memory load would reduce IB in divide-attention condition.

关 键 词：无意视盲 非预想性刺激 加工能力 工作记忆负荷 运动训练 

分 类 号：G804.8[文化科学—运动人体科学]