赌博游戏中的near-miss效应  

The near-miss effect in gambling games

作　　者：索涛[1] 杨雁 范增 王梦梦 赵国祥[1] SUO Tao;YANG Yan;FAN Zeng;WANG Mengmeng;ZHAO Guoxiang(Institute of Psychology and Behavior,Institute of cognition,Brain and Health,College of Education and Science,Henan University;School of Economics,Henan University,Kaifeng 475004,China)

机构地区：[1]河南大学教育科学学院,心理与行为研究所,认知、脑与健康研究所 [2]河南大学经济学院,开封475004

出　　处：《心理科学进展》2018年第9期1689-1699,共11页Advances in Psychological Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年项目(31400908)、中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2014M551995)、河南省哲学社科规划项目(2015BJY007)、河南省高等学校重点科研项目(16A190001)资助。

摘　　要：near-miss效应是指在赌博中,与一般的输钱和赢钱相比,"几乎赢(near-miss)"的输钱会诱发个体更高的生理唤醒和更强的赌博动机,从而导致个体持续赌博的一种现象,是导致赌博成瘾的主要诱因之一。针对这种现象的研究范式大致有三种:老虎机/类老虎机任务、轮盘任务和刮刮乐彩票任务。这种现象的理论解释目前主要有认知曲解假说、控制幻觉理论和受挫假说。near-miss效应的脑机制和病理研究才刚刚起步,所涉及到的脑功能区域主要包括脑岛、腹侧纹状体等。未来的研究应在near-miss效应发生机制的理论模型建构、研究范式多样化、研究技术多模态化、病理机制和临床干预等方面进一步展开。The near-miss effect refers to a phenomenon that near-miss losses can elicit individuals’higher physiological arousal and stronger gambling motivation than full-miss losses and winnings,which could lead to gambling persistence of gamblers.Researches on the near-miss effect have important theoretical value for understanding the cognitive and neural mechanisms of dynamic outcome evaluation in decision-making processes and shedding light on the mechanisms of pathological gambling.Studies have found convergent evidence that near-miss losses have motivationally enhancing properties.However,the cognitive and neural mechanisms of the near-miss effect are still under debate.In addition,the role that the near-miss effect played in pathological gambling is still unclear.At present,there are three main theoretical explanations for the near-miss effect:the cognitive misrepresentation hypothesis,the illusion of control theory,and the frustration hypothesis.The neural correlates of the near-miss effect mainly involve the insula and ventral striatum.Future researches should further explore the theoretical models of the near-miss effect,improve the experimental paradigm,various research methods,and examine the effect in pathological populations.

关 键 词：near-miss效应 认知曲解假说 控制幻觉理论 受挫假说 脑岛 腹侧纹状体 

分 类 号：B849[哲学宗教—应用心理学] C91[哲学宗教—心理学]