农村宅基地“三权分置”改革的立法实现  

The Legislative Realization of “Three Rights Allocation” in Rural House Sites

作　　者：夏沁[1] Xia Qin

机构地区：[1]中南大学法学院

出　　处：《地方立法研究》2018年第4期104-116,共13页Local Legislation Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大招标项目"中外土地征收制度的资料整理与比较研究"(14ZDB125);2017研究生自主创新项目"民商合一视角下民法典各分编商事规范的立法设计"(项目编号:502221703)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：现行宅基地所有权与使用权"两权分离"的立法构造,实质上架空了宅基地使用权制度的财产性价值,也否定了宅基地使用权的物权属性,造成了诸多现实困境,尤其不利于深化农村土地制度改革。究其根源,乃在于"两权分离"的立法构造,宅基地使用权兼具财产权与身份权的双重属性,因此,将身份权属性从宅基地使用权中剥离,使宅基地使用权回归财产权属性(用益物权),是破除"两权分离"身份限制的关键所在,也是真正实现农户身份保障的必由之路,此即农村宅基地的"三权分置"。这就要求在既有法律构造的基础上,重构宅基地使用权制度。在"三权分置"视域下,宅基地使用权应被定性为财产法中的财产权,在价值理念上,应秉承私法自治精神;在具体制度设计上,民法典物权编应明确规定宅基地使用权的期限性和有偿性,并取消流转限制。农村宅基地"三权分置"中宅基地使用权为财产权的基本定位,高度契合民事权利体系化与民商合一的立法安排,有利于本土制度在传统民法体系中完成现代化改造。The legislative structure of the separation of ownership and use rights of existing homesteads essentially empties the property value of the right to use the homestead and negates the property rights of the right to use the homestead,creating many real difficulties,especially not conducive to deepening rural land reform.The root cause is that in the legislative structure of“separation of the two powers,”the use right of homestead has the dual attributes of property rights and identity rights.Therefore,the separation of identity rights from homestead use rights of mixed property rights and identity rights,and the return of homestead use rights of property rights(use rights)is the key point to break the identity separation of“two rights separation”and it is also a real realization.The only way to guarantee the identity of rural households is the“three rights allocation”of rural homesteads.Based on the existing legal structure,it is particularly necessary to reconstruct the right to use the house site.In the view of“three powers”,the right to use the house site should be defined as property rights in the property law.In terms of value concept,we should uphold the self-government spirit of private law;in the specific design,the provisions for the right to use the house site can be used within a certain period of time and can be used freely.In fact,the right to use the house sites in the“three ownerships”of rural house sites is the basic orientation of property rights,and it is highly compatible with the legal arrangements of the civil rights systemization and the integration of civil and commercial laws,which is conducive to the modernization of the traditional civil law system in the structural local system.Transformation.

关 键 词：两权分离 三权分置 宅基地使用权 身份保障 

分 类 号：D922.32[政治法律—法学]