北五里桥白语声调的发声及变异研究  

An Acoustic Study on the Phonation Variations of Tones in Beiwuliqiao Bai

作　　者：刘文[1] 汪锋[1] 孔江平[1] LIU Wen;WANG Feng;KONG Jiangping(Department of Chinese Language and Literature/Center for Chinese Linguistics Peking University,Beijing 100871)

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国语言文学系/中国语言学研究中心,北京市100871

出　　处：《当代语言学》2019年第1期119-138,共20页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：教育部人文社科重点研究基地重大项目"基于语音多模态的语言本体研究"(17JJD740001);国家社科基金重大招标项目"基于中国语言及方言的语言接触类型和演化建模研究"(14ZBD102);北京大学人文学科文库项目"白语方言嗓音的变异与演化"的资助

摘　　要：大理市银桥镇北五里桥村通行汉语和白语两种语言,其中汉语方言是母语,被称为"五里桥话",与大理(下关)汉语方言不同。白语则是村民从周边白语村寨习得的。北五里桥白语有六个声调(T1-T6),其中有两个值得关注的现象:一是T1有两个自由变体,在听感上一个是平调(T1a),一个是降调(T1b),降调变体与T6在调值上相同;二是T3与T5都属于平调,二者在调值上相差很小。本文基于电声门信号,提取了基频、时长、开商和速度商四个参数,探讨北五里桥白语声调的发声性质,并着重分析了T1与T6、 T3与T5这两组声调的对立基础。研究发现,北五里桥白语T1两个自由变体的声学区别性特征正处于变异之中,不同发音人所采用的区分策略以及二者趋同的速度均存在差异,并且性别之间也有差异,女性合流的速度快于男性。T1b和T6尽管音高和调形相同,但是却被感知为两个不同的音位,研究发现,不同性别的发音人在二者的区分上采用的策略也不同:男性只使用速度商和时长两个参数,女性则使用开商、速度商和时长三个参数。此外, T3和T6还存在特殊发声类型,相对于正常嗓音而言, T3属于高音调嗓音, T6的嗓音类型在不同个体间存在变异,有人使用气嗓音,有人采用紧嗓音。北五里桥白语的个案还表明,时长也是声调对立中的一个重要维度。Beiwuliqiao village is located in Dali Bai Autonomous prefecture,Yunnan Province.All speakers in this village are bilingual in Bai and a Chinese dialect.The mother tongue in this village is the Chinese dialect,which is different from Dali Chinese dialect.The Bai language is acquired from the surrounding villages.Based on our fieldwork,the Bai language in Beiwuliqiao has six tones(T1-T6).There are two kinds of phenomena worthy of attention.First,T1 has two free phonemic variants.One of them is level,and the other is falling,which has the same pitch height as T6.Second,T3 and T5 are level tones,and there is little difference between them from the sense of hearing.In this study,on the basis of EGG signals,four parameters,i.e.,fundamental frequency(F0),duration,open quotient(OQ),and speed quotient(SQ),are extracted firstly to examine phonation characteristics of these tones in the Beiwuliqiao Bai language.Then this study pays more attention to the special phenomena mentioned above:T1 vs.T6 and T3 vs.T5.The results show that the acoustic distinctive features of the two free phonemic variants of the Beiwuliqiao Bai T1 are in the process of variation.It is worth to note that different speakers adopt different strategies and the evolutionary speed also varies in the process,due to the gender factor.These results indicate that the sound change is taking place in the Beiwuliqiao Bai language led by the female speakers.Though one variant of T1(T1b)and T6 are the same in pitch height and pitch direction,they are perceived as different phonemes by native speakers.This study finds that different gender speakers also use different strategies in the distinction between T1b and T6.To be specific,male speakers only use SQ and duration,while female speakers adopt OQ,SQ and duration.In addition,the other finding is that there is non-modal phonation with specific tone categories,such as T6 and T3.Compared to the modal voice,T3 belongs to high-pitch phonation.Interestingly,different speakers make use of the different phonation types r

关 键 词：北五里桥 白语 声调 发声 变异 

分 类 号：H252[语言文字—少数民族语言]