基于多段分离工艺的马铃薯联合收获机设计与试验  

Design and Experiment of Potato Combined Harvester Based on Multi-stage Separation Technology

作　　者：魏忠彩 李洪文[1] 孙传祝 李学强[2,4] 苏国粱 刘文政 WEI Zhongcai;LI Hongwen;SUN Chuanzhu;LI Xueqiang;SU Guoliang;LIU Wenzheng(College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;Shandong Provincial Intelligent Engineering and Technology Research Center for Potato Production Equipment, Dezhou 253600, China;School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255091, China;Shandong Xicheng Agricultural Machinery Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Dezhou 253600, China;School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255091, China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学工学院,北京100083 [2]山东省马铃薯生产装备智能化工程技术研究中心,德州253600 [3]山东理工大学机械工程学院,淄博255091 [4]山东希成农业机械科技有限公司,德州253600 [5]山东理工大学农业工程与食品科学学院,淄博255091

出　　处：《农业机械学报》2019年第1期129-140,112,共13页Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0701603-02);山东省泰山产业领军人才工程高效生态农业创新类项目(LJNY201615);山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2017CXGC0219);山东省农机化装备研发创新项目(2016YF034)

摘　　要：针对马铃薯分段收获人工捡拾工作量大、劳动强度高、收获效率低等问题,在适应种植模式和农艺要求的基础上,设计了一种基于多段分离工艺的马铃薯联合收获机,该机可同时完成双垄双行马铃薯的挖掘、薯土分离、清土除杂和集薯输送等任务。收获机在拖拉机的牵引作用下进行收获作业,其关键零部件包括松土限深调控装置、切土切蔓装置、挖掘装置、摆抖式薯土分离装置、过渡分离装置、清土除杂装置和集薯输送装置等。该收获机采用多段分离工艺,可有效提高薯土分离效率,显著降低含杂率,降低劳动强度。田间试验表明:作业速度分别为3. 17 km/h和4. 16 km/h时,样机的损失率分别为1. 64%和1. 59%,伤薯率分别为1. 72%和1. 48%,破皮率分别为2. 31%和1. 92%,生产率分别为0. 41 hm2/h和0. 54 hm2/h,各项性能指标均达到了作业标准。基于碰撞检测技术获取了收获过程中薯块的动态碰撞信息,在对碰撞特征和薯土混合物运动特点进行分析的基础上,明确了联合收获机易产生较大碰撞加速度的关键位置为:分离筛Ⅰ与分离筛Ⅱ交接处及集薯输送装置的落料端,降低分离筛Ⅰ和分离筛Ⅱ之间的高度差、改善集薯装置末端的缓冲效果,是降低伤薯率和破皮率的有效措施。The main technical problem of potato mechanical partition harvest is the large workload for farmers to pick up, high labor intensity and low harvest efficiency. A potato combined harvester based on multi-stage separation technology was developed on the basis of planting patterns and agronomic requirements. It could implement digging, potato-soil separation, soil cleaning and potato gathering simutaneously under the condition of double ridge and double row. The harvester was worked by the tractor’s traction, the key parts of the harvester included depth control device of loosing soil, device of cutting soil and seedings, device of digging, shaking device of potato-soil separation, device of transition separation, device of removing soil and impurities and collecting device. The harvester adopted multi-stage separation technology, which could effectively improve the separation efficiency of potato-soil, reduce impurity content and labor intensity significantly. Field tests showed that loss rates were 1.64% and 1.59%, damage rates were 1.72% and 1.48%, and bruising rates were 2.31% and 1.92% and the productivity were 0.41 hm^2 /h and 0.54 hm^2 /h when the harvesting speeds were 3.17 km/h and 4.16 km/h, respectively. All the performance indexes met the requirements of NY/T 648-2015 Technical Specification for Quality Evaluation of Potato Harvester. In addition, the dynamic impact information of potatoes was obtained during harvesting based on the impact detection technology. It was confirmed that the key position of the combined harvester to produce greater impact force was the junction of separation sieve Ⅰ and separation sieve Ⅱ and the end of collecting device. Reducing the height difference between separation sieve Ⅰ and separation sieve Ⅱ and improving the buffering effect at the end of collecting device were effective measures to reduce damage rate and bruising rate. It could provide a technical reference for further exploring the technology of potato-soil separation and the research of potato combine

关 键 词：马铃薯 联合收获机 多段分离 碰撞检测 

分 类 号：S225.7[农业科学—农业机械化工程]