驾驶员为何对道路关键事件“视而不见”?——“自下而上”和“自上而下”加工机制的交互作用  

Why does a driver can not see a critical event on the road?Interaction between “bottom-up” and “top-down” processing mechanisms

作　　者：袁璐一 常若松 马锦飞 YUAN Luyi;CHANG Ruosong;MA Jinfei(School of Psychology,Liaoning Normal University,Dalian 116029,China)

机构地区：[1]辽宁师范大学心理学院,大连116029

出　　处：《心理科学进展》2019年第3期557-570,共14页Advances in Psychological Science

基　　金：辽宁省博士科研启动基金项目"车载广播对汽车驾驶员警觉的影响机制研究"(201601242);辽宁省教育厅人文社科项目"驾驶员归因倾向对攻击性驾驶行为的影响"(W201683617)

摘　　要：驾驶员"视而不见"错误是指驾驶员的视线虽然指向道路上的危险目标,却没有知觉到其存在,对交通安全构成威胁。本文首先在注意计算框架内,分别从"自下而上"和"自上而下"两种加工机制探讨诱发驾驶员"视而不见"错误的主要因素,该框架解释力不足的原因在于没有充分考虑实践经验和动机对驾驶员预期和注意定势的影响。由此提出注意计算框架扩展模型,通过"自下而上"和"自上而下"的交互作用机制对驾驶员"视而不见"错误提出综合解释。It causes a significant hazard to traffic safety the car drivers have been looking in the direction where the other road users were but have not perceived the presence of the other parties,which is called‘looked-but-failed-to-see’(LBFTS)error.This paper first analyzes the main factors which contribute to LBFTS from the perspective of both bottom-up and top-down mechanisms.That Computational Framework is not able to fully explained circumstances because of its insufficient consideration of driver’s practical experience,expectancy and attentional set.Therefore,the extended model of Computational Framework is proposed to offer comprehensive explanations to the LBFTS using bottom-up and top-down mechanisms.

关 键 词：感知凸显性 心理工作负荷 注意定势 驾驶图式 无意视盲 

分 类 号：B849[哲学宗教—应用心理学] U471.3[哲学宗教—心理学]