权力结构与权力制衡:反思伊朗伊斯兰革命  

Power Structure and Balance of Power:Rethinking the Islamic Revolution of Iran

作　　者：穆宏燕[1] Mu Hongyan

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学亚非学院

出　　处：《西亚非洲》2019年第1期30-47,共18页West Asia and Africa

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目"新世纪东方区域文学年谱整理与研究(2000-2020)"(17ZDA280)的阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：伊朗在伊斯兰化之前的社会权力结构为宗教集团、王权集团、文士集团三角支撑。虽然教权位居第一位,但王权由于有文权的依附而壮大了力量,由此形成教权与王权相互制衡、相互协作的特征。这种特征在伊朗伊斯兰化之后依然延续。随着1502年沙法维王朝的建立,什叶派伊斯兰教成为伊朗国教,什叶派宗教集团的力量和话语权更加强大,然而由于王权拥有文士集团的有效支持,因此教权与王权依然相互制衡、相互协作。在20世纪上半叶伊朗的现代化进程中,知识分子阶层摆脱了对王权的依附,获得了自身的独立性,随后发生在1953年的"八月政变"使知识分子阶层与王权彻底决裂。巴列维国王发动的"白色革命"在取得诸多成就的同时,也引发了一系列社会危机,遭到宗教阶层的强烈抨击。王权与教权之争日益白热化,最终导致伊斯兰革命的爆发。在这场革命中,知识分子阶层与宗教阶层结盟,使王权孤立脆弱,无力与教权抗衡,政权最终被推翻。革命之后的伊朗现政权在某种程度上依然沿袭了古代的权力制衡模式,具体表现为"宗教传统"与"现代民主政治"的相互制衡与相互支撑,在这个权力制衡体系中,知识分子阶层置身于二者之间。因此,伊朗伊斯兰共和国是一种独具特色的政体,具有其自身的内在合理性和稳固性。The power structure of the society of Iran before the Islamization was the triangle structure that consisted of the religious group,the royal group and the intellectual group.Although the religious power played a dominant role in the society structure,because of the dependency of the intellectual group,the royal power was strong enough to form the characteristics of the social structure of Iran:checks and balances,and mutual collaboration between the religious power and the royal power.These characteristics had been continuing even after the Islamization in Iran.With the establishment of the Safavid Dynasty in 1502,Shia Islam became the state religion in Iran,and the religious group of Shia acquired stronger power and discourse.However,because of the dependency of the intellectual group,the royal power was still strong,therefore characteristics of the checks and balances and the mutual collaboration still existed.In the modernization in the 20 th century,the intellectual group got rid of the dependency on the royal group and acquired the independence of itself.Subsequently,the “August Coup” in 1953 in Iran led into a clean break between the intellectual group and the royal group.The conflict between royal power and religious power became so intense that it finally led into the Islamic Revolution.In this revolution,the intellectual group was in alliance with the religious group.Finally,the royal power was overturned.After the revolution,to some extent,the current regime of Iran has followed the ancient system of checks and balances,which is expressed as mutual balances and support of “religious traditions” and “modern democratic politics”,with the intellectual group in between.Therefore,the regime of the Islamic Republic of Iran is unique in its own internal rationality and stability.

关 键 词：伊斯兰革命 伊朗 王权 教权 文权 

分 类 号：K373[历史地理—历史学]