自动驾驶事故的侵权责任构造——兼论自动驾驶的三层保险结构  

The Liability Structure of Automated Driving——Also on the Three-layer Insurance Structure of Automated Driving Vehicles

作　　者：韩旭至 HAN Xu-zhi(Law School,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 201620,China)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学法律学院,上海201620

出　　处：《上海大学学报（社会科学版）》2019年第2期90-103,共14页Journal of Shanghai University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：上海市哲学社会科学规划青年课题(2018EFX001)

摘　　要：根据自动化程度高低,自动驾驶可分为高度自动驾驶与无人驾驶。但无论何种程度的自动驾驶,均无法完全避免事故的发生。我国民法典立法过程中,应充分回应自动驾驶对侵权法的挑战。首先,在产品责任上,对汽车改造以实现自动驾驶的改造者,属于法律意义上的生产者,应承担严格责任;同时应借鉴消费者合理预期标准判断产品缺陷,且适用因果关系推定与举证责任倒置,不适用发展风险抗辩。其次,在交通事故责任上,需根据自动驾驶类型进行区分。高度自动驾驶汽车事故由生产者与使用人承担连带责任,无人驾驶汽车事故由生产者承担责任。最后,在汽车保险上,自动驾驶保险将体现为独特的三层结构,包括汽车所有人或管理人投保的交强险、使用人或生产者投保的商业险以及生产者或销售者投保的产品责任险。Automated driving can be divided into high-level automated driving and driverless driving.Since no automated driving vehicles can completely avoid accidents,we should fully respond to the challenges of automated driving through the legislation of Civil Code.First of all,in terms of product liability,the modifiers as the the producers of the automated driving vehicles should take full responsibility.Meanwhile,standards of reasonable consumers expectations should be referenced in judging product defects.The presumption of causation and the reversal of the burden of proof should be applied to automobile product liability.Nevertheless,the defense of development risks should not be applied.Secondly,traffic accident liability needs to be differentiated according to the types of automated driving.Producers and users have joint liability in high-level automated driving vehicles while producers should take full responsibility for driverless vehicles.Finally,in auto insurance,automobile insurance is embodied in a unique three-layer structure,including compulsory insurance insured by the owner or custodian,the commercial automobile insurance insured by the user or the producer and the product liability insurance insured by the producer or seller.

关 键 词：自动驾驶 人工智能 产品责任 交通事故责任 民法典 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]