权利与启蒙——康德对革命的双重拒斥  

Rights and Enlightenment: Immanuel Kant's Double Rejection of Revolution

作　　者：方博[1] FANG Bo

机构地区：[1]北京大学哲学系

出　　处：《哲学分析》2019年第2期40-55,197,共17页Philosophical Analysis

摘　　要：康德对政治革命的坚决拒斥虽然在康德研究中屡遭诟病,但这一立场并不能简单归结为他对当时的政治现实的妥协,而是有其深思熟虑的理由。康德的学说中实际上包含着对革命的双重拒斥,即基于权利概念的拒斥和基于政治实践的拒斥。在法哲学的层面,康德从权利论证的角度指明了所谓的积极抵抗权不可能在理论上得到辩护,其在逻辑上将消解作为一切权利的现实性的基础的政治共同体的存在,因此与权利的概念相矛盾。而在政治哲学的层面,康德则论证了通过暴力革命往往不能如革命者所期待的那样建立起全新的理想秩序,因为革命并不能直接带来人的启蒙,而后者恰恰是制度的持续革新与良序运行所必需的条件。Kant’s resolute rejection of political revolution has been repeatedly criticized, but this position cannot be easily summed up as a compromise of the political reality at his time, but rather has well-thought reasons. Kant’s doctrine actually contains a double rejection of the revolution, namely the rejection based on the concept of right and the rejection based on political practice. In his Philosophy of Right, Kant argues from the perspective of rights that the so-called positive resistance cannot be theoretically justified because it will fundamentally destroy the existence of the political community which constitutes the basis of the reality of all rights, and therefore, it contradicts the concept of right itself. At the level of political philosophy, Kant argues that through a violent revolution, a new ideal order could not be established as the revolutionaries may expect, because it could not bring about the human enlightenment, which is precisely the necessary condition for the maintaining of a well-ordered society and the continuous political reform in it.

关 键 词：革命 抵抗权 启蒙 公共性 政治改良 

分 类 号：B1[哲学宗教—世界哲学]