河南省郑州地区青铜时代遗址出土牛骨的DNA研究  

Ancient DNA Analysis of Bovid Remains from the Bronze Age Sites in Zhengzhou, Henan Province

作　　者：赵欣[1] 顾万发 吴倩 东晓玲 韩雨 刘铭 尤悦[4] 刘一婷 袁靖[3] 杨东亚[1] Zhao Xin;Gu Wanfa;Wu Qian;Dong Xiaoling;Han Yu;Liu Ming;You Yue;Liu Yiting;Yang Dongya

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院考古研究所科技考古中心(西蒙菲莎大学(Simon Fraser University)考古学系古DNA实验室) [2]郑州市文物考古研究院 [3]中国社会科学院考古研究所科技考古中心 [4]首都师范大学历史学院

出　　处：《南方文物》2018年第4期126-134,40,共10页Cultural Relics in Southern China

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“中原地区先秦时期家养黄牛的分子考古学研究”(15CKG017);中国社会科学院创新工程项目,Henry Luce Foundation与SSHRC(Yang)共同资助。

摘　　要：运用古DNA技术对河南省郑州地区两个青铜时代遗址出土的牛骨样本进行遗传学分析。共选取花地嘴遗址(HDZ)12例、望京楼遗址(WJL)17例牛骨样本,从中提取DNA,并选择套叠引物对线粒体DNA控制区(285bp)进行PCR扩增。线粒体DNA结果显示,其中15例个体(花地嘴遗址5例、望京楼遗址10例)属于家养普通牛(Bos taurus),花地嘴遗址有1例个体属于圣水牛(Bubalus mephistopheles)。在家养普通牛中共检测出8个不同的单倍型,可以归属于3个不同的单倍型类群T2、T3和T4,以T3为主占60.0%,T4次之约占26.7%,T2最少约占13.3%,未见其他单倍型类群。以每个遗址为单位分别统计,比例相似。通过与已发表的其他中国考古遗址出土黄牛线粒体DNA的单倍型类群分布频率的比较发现,除本研究中的两个遗址外,仅有河南二里头遗址和辽宁大山前遗址同时存在T2、T3和T4三个不同的单倍型类群。花地嘴遗址、望京楼遗址和二里头遗址均位于河南省,综合其重要的考古学文化性质及地理位置,认为各种家养黄牛便于通过不同的路线汇聚于此,并且作为一种稳定的遗传结构在该地区长期保留下来,在青铜时代中原地区是各种考古学文化交流的中心地区之一。研究发现花地嘴遗址中存在圣水牛,说明晚至青铜时代中国本地水牛仍然存在。This paper reports ancient DNA analysis of 29 bovid remains recovered from two Bronze Age sites in Zhengzhou region of Henan Province: 12 from Huadizui site (HDZ) and 17 from Wangjinglou site (WJL). Through overlapping PCR amplifications, a mtDNA D-loop fragment (285bp) was targeted and obtained, 15 samples (5 from HDZ and 10 from WJL) were then determined to belong to domesticated cattle Bos taurus, while one sample from HDZ to water buffalo Bubalus mephistopheles. Haplogroup analysis show the two sites share a similar distribution pattern, together, they contain three major haplogroups T2 (13.3%), T3 (60.0%) and T4 (26.7%). When compared with other previously analyzed archaeological sites in China, only 2 of 9 comparable sites contain all three mtDNA haplogroups, one of the two sites is in fact also from Henan Province. The data clearly show that Central Plain / Henan Province must have been the central location for exchanges between different cultures or regions as the cattle diversity of haplogroup, even in the Bronze Age, had reached the same pattern as those observed in modern cattle populations in China. The study has also added an important water buffalo specimen to show Chinese indigenous water buffalo had survived to as late as to the Bronze Age when compared with much earlier water buffalo at Kangjia site.

关 键 词：家养黄牛 古DNA 青铜时代 花地嘴遗址 望京楼遗址 

分 类 号：Q915[天文地球—古生物学与地层学] K878[生物学—古生物学]